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@INPROCEEDINGS{Heigl:827765,
      author       = {Heigl, Raimund and Stellbrink, Jörg and Radulescu, Aurel
                      and Schweins, Ralf and Schrader, Tobias Erich and Richter,
                      Dieter},
      title        = {{C}hange of {F}ractal {D}imension during the early stages
                      of{L}ysozyme {C}rystallization},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-01871},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {In this study we focused on the question how to grow
                      crystals as large as possible in light of their use as
                      samples for neutron protein crystallography. We concentrated
                      on the early stages of the crystallization process where the
                      directions are set whether many small crystals grow or few
                      large ones. We used lysozyme as a model system since it has
                      been studied well in the past and the phase diagram of its
                      crystal growth is known. We used a combination of three
                      scattering techniques since the involved size ranges require
                      a large q-range. Small angle neutron scattering was used in
                      combination with static light scattering on the same sample
                      in order to obtain structural information on the growing
                      crystal seeds. In situ dynamic light scattering at the
                      neutron scattering sample cell was used to obtain an
                      overview of all sizes present in the crystallization process
                      by measuring their hydrodynamic radii. The small angle
                      neutron scattering technique requires crystallization in
                      heavy water instead of normal water. We found that the
                      crystallization conditions did not differ too much from the
                      ones mentioned in the literature for light water when using
                      a corrected pD value of pD=pH+0.4. The crystallization is
                      initiated by mixing a 60 mg/ml Lysozyme solution with a 6
                      $wt\%$ NaCl acetate buffer solution (both at pD=4.75 and at
                      298 K) in a 1 :1 ratio. Immediately after mixing, dimers of
                      lysozyme molecules are formed and the structure factor seen
                      in the lysozyme stock solution disappears. Under the chosen
                      conditions we could observe a fractal growth of the cluster
                      of monomers with a change of the fractal dimension from 1.0
                      to 1.7 in the first 90 minutes. This can be interpreted as
                      clusters being formed first which grow more in a linear
                      manner with little branching. Later, a swelling occurs
                      corresponding to a growth in the dimension perpendicular to
                      the previous linear growth. With these results theoretical
                      models of crystal growth can be improved. Furthermore, the
                      early detection of crystal seeds can be used to rapidly
                      change the crystallization conditions (e. g. temperature) in
                      order to avoid the production of more crystal seeds.},
      month         = {Jul},
      date          = {2016-07-02},
      organization  = {16th International Conference on the
                       Crystallisation of Biological
                       Macromolecules, Prag (Czech Republic),
                       2 Jul 2016 - 7 Jul 2016},
      subtyp        = {Outreach},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1 /
                      JCNS-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6215 - Soft Matter,
                      Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre
                      for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623) / NMI3-II - Neutron
                      Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy Integrated Initiative
                      (283883)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(EU-Grant)283883},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/827765},
}