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@ARTICLE{Zhang:828674,
      author       = {Zhang, Miaoyue and Bradford, Scott A. and Šimůnek, Jirka
                      and Vereecken, Harry and Klumpp, Erwin},
      title        = {{R}oles of cation valance and exchange on the retention and
                      colloid-facilitated transport of functionalized multi-walled
                      carbon nanotubes in a natural soil},
      journal      = {Water research},
      volume       = {109},
      issn         = {0043-1354},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-02566},
      pages        = {358 - 366},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Saturated soil column experiments were conducted to
                      investigate the transport, retention, and release behavior
                      of a low concentration (1 mg L−1) of functionalized
                      14C-labeled multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a
                      natural soil under various solution chemistries.
                      Breakthrough curves (BTCs) for MWCNTS exhibited greater
                      amounts of retardation and retention with increasing
                      solution ionic strength (IS) or in the presence of Ca2+ in
                      comparison to K+, and retention profiles (RPs) for MWCNTs
                      were hyper-exponential in shape. These BTCs and RPs were
                      well described using the advection-dispersion equation with
                      a term for time- and depth-dependent retention. Fitted
                      values of the retention rate coefficient and the maximum
                      retained concentration of MWCNTs were higher with increasing
                      IS and in the presence of Ca2+ in comparison to K+.
                      Significant amounts of MWCNT and soil colloid release was
                      observed with a reduction of IS due to expansion of the
                      electrical double layer, especially following cation
                      exchange (when K+ displaced Ca2+) that reduced the zeta
                      potential of MWCNTs and the soil. Analysis of MWCNT
                      concentrations in different soil size fractions revealed
                      that $>23.6\%$ of the retained MWCNT mass was associated
                      with water-dispersible colloids (WDCs), even though this
                      fraction was only a minor portion of the total soil mass
                      $(2.38\%).$ More MWCNTs were retained on the WDC fraction in
                      the presence of Ca2+ than K+. These findings indicated that
                      some of the released MWCNTs by IS reduction and cation
                      exchange were associated with the released clay fraction,
                      and suggests the potential for facilitated transport of
                      MWCNT by WDCs.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000392788900035},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.062},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/828674},
}