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@ARTICLE{VortmannWesthoven:828962,
      author       = {Vortmann-Westhoven, Britta and Winter, Martin and Nowak,
                      Sascha},
      title        = {{W}here is the lithium? {Q}uantitative determination of the
                      lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells:
                      {I}nvestigations on the influence of the temperature, the
                      {C}-rate and the cell type},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {346},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-02782},
      pages        = {63 - 70},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {With lithium being the capacity determining species in
                      lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, the local quantification is
                      of enormous importance for understanding of the cell
                      performance. The investigation of the lithium distribution
                      in LIB full cells is performed with two different cell
                      types, T-cells of the Swagelok® type and pouch bag cells
                      with lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide and mesocarbon
                      microbead graphite as the active materials as well as a
                      lithium hexafluorophosphate based organic carbonate solvent
                      electrolyte. The lithium content of/at the individual
                      components of the cells is analyzed for different states of
                      charge (SOCs) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
                      spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the lithium distribution as well
                      as the loss of active lithium within the cells is calculated
                      after cycling. With increasing the SOC, the lithium contents
                      decrease in the cathodes and simultaneously increase in the
                      anodes. The temperature increase shows a clear shift of the
                      lithium content in the direction of the anode for the
                      T-cells. The comparison of the C-rate influence shows that
                      the lower the C-rate, the more the lithium content on the
                      electrodes is shifted into the direction of the anode.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000398008900008},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.028},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/828962},
}