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@ARTICLE{Hahn:829015,
      author       = {Hahn, H. and Wagner, Ralf and Schappacher, F. and Winter,
                      M. and Nowak, S.},
      title        = {{I}n operando {X}-shaped cell online electrochemical mass
                      spectrometry ({OEMS}): {N}ew online analysis enables insight
                      into lab scale lithium ion batteries during operation},
      journal      = {Journal of electroanalytical chemistry},
      volume       = {772},
      issn         = {1572-6657},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-02832},
      pages        = {52 - 57},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {A new method for the in operando analysis of evolving gases
                      during cyclic aging of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) was
                      developed to better assess safety concerning cell processes,
                      especially those arising from the electrochemical
                      degradation of the lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF6/organic
                      carbonate solvent based electrolyte. For electrochemical
                      characterization at lab-scale, a cell in the shape of
                      T-connector (“T-cell”) is usually used, offering
                      connections to working, counter and reference electrode. To
                      maintain comparability to this established system, an in
                      operando X-shaped cell, i.e., a T-cell (“X-cell”), which
                      varies only by an additional connector from the original
                      setup, was designed. The new OEMS cell based on DEMS cell
                      designs was linked to a modified GC–MS System and a
                      potentiostat for in operando analysis of the evolving gases
                      and the voltammetry experiments, respectively. This work
                      comprises the evaluation of this new OEMS method in
                      potentiostatic aging experiments of the conventional
                      electrolyte 1M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (1:1, by wt.) in
                      LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM)/Li half cells as a function of the
                      applied cut-off potential. Mainly CO2 release at onset
                      potentials > 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+ could be identified. At a
                      potential of > 5.4 V vs. Li/Li+, the evolution of silicon
                      tetrafluoride (SiF4) was observed mainly stemming from the
                      HF induced degradation of the used glass fiber separator.
                      Furthermore, triethyl phosphate (TEP) evolved from the LiPF6
                      decomposition at > 5.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Oxygen evolution either
                      coming from the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte
                      or degradation of the NCM cathode material was not detected
                      at even 5.5 V vs. Li/Li+ and at 20 °C.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000377321400007},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.023},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829015},
}