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@ARTICLE{Makselon:829415,
      author       = {Makselon, Joanna and Zhou, Dan and Engelhardt, Irina and
                      Jacques, Diederik and Klumpp, Erwin},
      title        = {{E}xperimental and {N}umerical {I}nvestigations of {S}ilver
                      {N}anoparticle {T}ransport under {V}ariable {F}low and
                      {I}onic {S}trength in {S}oil},
      journal      = {Environmental science $\&$ technology},
      volume       = {51},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1520-5851},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03119},
      pages        = {2096 - 2104},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Unsaturated column experiments were conducted with an
                      undisturbed loamy sand soil to investigate the influence of
                      flow interruption (FI) and ionic strength (IS) on the
                      transport and retention of surfactant-stabilized silver
                      nanoparticles (AgNP) and the results were compared to those
                      obtained under continuous flow conditions. AgNP
                      concentrations for breakthrough curves (BTCs) and retention
                      profiles (RPs) were analyzed by ICP-MS. Experimental results
                      were simulated by the numerical code HP1 (Hydrus-PhreeqC)
                      with the DLVO theory, extended colloid filtration theory and
                      colloid release model. BTCs of AgNP showed a dramatic drop
                      after FI compared to continuous flow conditions. Evaporation
                      increased due to FI, resulting in increased electrical
                      conductivity of the soil solution, which led to a totally
                      reduced mobility of AgNP. A reduction of IS after FI
                      enhanced AgNP mobility slightly. Here the strongly increased
                      Al and Fe concentration in the effluent suggested that soil
                      colloids facilitated the release of AgNP (cotransport). The
                      numerical model reproduced the measured AgNP BTCs and
                      indicated that attachment to the air–water interface (AWI)
                      occurring during FI was the key process for AgNP retention.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000394724300023},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.est.6b04882},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829415},
}