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@ARTICLE{Krll:829608,
      author       = {Kröll, L. and de Haart, L.G.J. and Vinke, I. and Eichel,
                      Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{D}egradation {M}echanisms in {S}olid-{O}xide {F}uel and
                      {E}lectrolyzer {C}ells: {A}nalytical {D}escription of
                      {N}ickel {A}gglomeration in a {N}i / {Y} {S} {Z}
                      {E}lectrode},
      journal      = {Physical review applied},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2331-7019},
      address      = {College Park, Md. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {American Physical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03288},
      pages        = {044007},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The microstructural evolution of a porous electrode
                      consisting of a metal-ceramic matrix, consisting of nickel
                      and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), is one of the main
                      degradation mechanisms in a solid-oxide cell (SOC), in
                      either fuel cell or electrolyzer mode. In that respect, the
                      agglomeration of nickel particles in a SOC electrode leads
                      to a decrease in the electronic conductivity as well as in
                      the active catalytic area for the oxidation-reduction
                      reaction of the fuel-water steam. An analytical model of the
                      agglomeration behavior of a Ni/YSZ electrode is proposed
                      that allows for a quantitative description of the nickel
                      agglomeration. The accuracy of the model is validated in
                      terms of a comparison with experimental degradation
                      measurements. The model is based on contact probabilities of
                      nickel clusters in a porous network of nickel and YSZ,
                      derived from an algorithm of the agglomeration process. The
                      iterative algorithm is converted into an analytical
                      function, which involves structural parameters of the
                      electrode, such as the porosity and the nickel content.
                      Furthermore, to describe the agglomeration mechanism, the
                      influence of the steam content and the flux rate are taken
                      into account via reactions on the nickel surface. In the
                      next step, the developed agglomeration model is combined
                      with the mechanism of the Ostwald ripening. The calculated
                      grain-size growth is compared to measurements at different
                      temperatures and under low flux rates and low steam content,
                      as well as under high flux rates and high steam content. The
                      results confirm the necessity of connecting the two
                      mechanisms and clarify the circumstances in which the single
                      processes occur and how they contribute to the total
                      agglomeration of the particles in the electrode},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000399821000001},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.7.044007},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829608},
}