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@ARTICLE{Schwieters:829675,
      author       = {Schwieters, Timo and Evertz, Marco and Mense, Maximilian
                      and Winter, Martin and Nowak, Sascha},
      title        = {{L}ithium loss in the solid electrolyte interphase:
                      {L}ithium quantification of aged lithium ion battery
                      graphite electrodes by means of laser ablation inductively
                      coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled
                      plasma optical emission spectroscopy},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {356},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03333},
      pages        = {47 - 55},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {In this work we present a new method using LA-ICP-MS to
                      quantitatively determine the lithium content in aged
                      graphite electrodes of a lithium ion battery (LIB) by
                      performing total depth profiling. Matrix matched solid
                      external standards are prepared using a solid doping
                      approach to avoid elemental fractionation effects during the
                      measurement. The results are compared and matched to the
                      established ICP-OES technique for bulk quantification after
                      performing a microwave assisted acid digestion.The method is
                      applied to aged graphite electrodes in order to determine
                      the lithium immobilization (= “Li loss”) in the solid
                      electrolyte interphase after the first cycle of formation.
                      For this, different samples including a reference sample are
                      created to obtain varying thicknesses of the SEI covering
                      the electrode particles. By applying defined charging
                      voltages, an initial lithiation process is performed to
                      obtain specific graphite intercalation compounds (GICs, with
                      target stoichiometries of LiC30, LiC18, LiC12 and LiC6).
                      Afterwards, the graphite electrode is completely discharged
                      to obtain samples without mobile, thus active lithium in its
                      lattice. Taking the amount of lithium into account which
                      originates from the residues of the LiPF6 (dissolved in the
                      carbon components containing electrolyte), it is possible to
                      subtract the amount of lithium in the SEI.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000402342700006},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.078},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829675},
}