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@ARTICLE{Litnovsky:829726,
      author       = {Litnovsky, A. and Wegener, T. and Klein, F. and Linsmeier,
                      Ch and Rasinski, M. and Kreter, A. and Tan, X. and Schmitz,
                      J. and Mao, Y. and Coenen, J. W. and Bram, M. and Gonzalez,
                      Jesus},
      title        = {{A}dvanced smart tungsten alloys for a future fusion power
                      plant},
      journal      = {Plasma physics and controlled fusion},
      volume       = {59},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1361-6587},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03364},
      pages        = {064003 -},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The severe particle, radiation and neutron environment in a
                      future fusion power plant requires the development of
                      advanced plasma-facing materials. At the same time, the
                      highest level of safety needs to be ensured. The so-called
                      loss-of-coolant accident combined with air ingress in the
                      vacuum vessel represents a severe safety challenge. In the
                      absence of a coolant the temperature of the tungsten first
                      wall may reach 1200 °C. At such a temperature, the
                      neutron-activated radioactive tungsten forms volatile oxide
                      which can be mobilized into atmosphere. Smart tungsten
                      alloys are being developed to address this safety issue.
                      Smart alloys should combine an acceptable plasma performance
                      with the suppressed oxidation during an accident. New thin
                      film tungsten–chromium–yttrium smart alloys feature an
                      impressive 105 fold suppression of oxidation compared to
                      that of pure tungsten at temperatures of up to 1000 °C.
                      Oxidation behavior at temperatures up to 1200 °C, and
                      reactivity of alloys in humid atmosphere along with a
                      manufacturing of reactor-relevant bulk samples, impose an
                      additional challenge in smart alloy development. First
                      exposures of smart alloys in steady-state deuterium plasma
                      were made. Smart tungsten–chroimium–titanium alloys
                      demonstrated a sputtering resistance which is similar to
                      that of pure tungsten. Expected preferential sputtering of
                      alloying elements by plasma ions was confirmed
                      experimentally. The subsequent isothermal oxidation of
                      exposed samples did not reveal any influence of plasma
                      exposure on the passivation of alloys.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113) / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral
                      Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000400090800001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1361-6587/aa6948},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829726},
}