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@ARTICLE{Litnovsky:829727,
      author       = {Litnovsky, A. and Wegener, T. and Klein, F. and Linsmeier,
                      Ch. and Rasinski, M. and Kreter, A. and Unterberg, B. and
                      Vogel, M. and Kraus, S. and Breuer, Uwe and Garcia-Rosales,
                      C. and Calvo, A. and Ordas, N.},
      title        = {{S}mart alloys for a future fusion power plant: {F}irst
                      studies under stationary plasma load and in accidental
                      conditions},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {12},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03365},
      pages        = {1363-1367},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {In case of an accident in the future fusion power plant
                      like DEMO, the loss-of-coolant may happen simultaneously
                      with air ingress into the vacuum vessel. The radioactive
                      tungsten and its isotopes from the first wall may become
                      oxidized and vaporized into the environment. The so-called
                      “smart” alloys are under development to suppress the
                      mobilization of oxidized tungsten. Smart alloys are aimed at
                      adjusting their properties to environment. During regular
                      operation, the preferential sputtering of alloying elements
                      by plasma ions should leave almost pure tungsten surface
                      facing the plasma. Under accidental conditions, the alloying
                      elements in the bulk will form an oxide layer protecting
                      tungsten from mobilization.The first direct comparative test
                      of pure tungsten and smart alloys under identical plasma
                      conditions was performed. Tungsten–chromium–titanium
                      alloys were exposed simultaneously with tungsten samples to
                      stationary deuterium plasma in linear plasma device PSI-2.
                      The ion energy and the temperature of samples corresponded
                      well the conditions at the first wall in DEMO. The
                      accumulated fluence was 1.3 × 1026 ion/m2. The weight loss
                      of pure tungsten samples after exposure was ΔmW =
                      1000–1150 µg. The measured weight loss of sputtered smart
                      alloy sample ΔmSA = 1240µg corresponds very well to that
                      of pure tungsten providing experimental evidence of good
                      resistance of smart alloys to plasma sputtering.Plasma
                      exposure was followed by the oxidation of alloys at 1000 °C
                      accomplishing the first test of these new materials both in
                      a plasma environment and under accidental conditions.
                      Compared to pure tungsten, smart alloys featured the 3-fold
                      suppression of oxidation. Plasma exposure did not affect the
                      oxidation resistance of smart alloys. At the same time, the
                      self-passivation of the protective layer did not occur,
                      calling for further optimization of alloys.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / ZEA-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113) / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral
                      Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000417293300228},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2016.11.015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829727},
}