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@ARTICLE{Litnovsky:829731,
      author       = {Litnovsky, A. and Wegener, T. and Klein, F. and Linsmeier,
                      Ch. and Rasinski, M. and Kreter, A. and Unterberg, B. and
                      Coenen, J. W. and Du, H. and Mayer, J. and Garcia-Rosales,
                      C. and Calvo, A. and Ordas, N.},
      title        = {{S}mart tungsten alloys as a material for the first wall of
                      a future fusion power plant},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {57},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1741-4326},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03369},
      pages        = {066020 -},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Tungsten is currently deemed as a promising plasma-facing
                      material (PFM) for the future power plant DEMO. In the case
                      of an accident, air can get into contact with PFMs during
                      the air ingress. The temperature of PFMs can rise up to 1200
                      °C due to nuclear decay heat in the case of damaged coolant
                      supply. Heated neutron-activated tungsten forms a volatile
                      radioactive oxide which can be mobilized into the
                      atmosphere.New self-passivating 'smart' alloys can adjust
                      their properties to the environment. During plasma operation
                      the preferential sputtering of lighter alloying elements
                      will leave an almost pure tungsten surface facing the
                      plasma. During an accident the alloying elements in the bulk
                      are forming oxides thus protecting tungsten from
                      mobilization.Good plasma performance and the suppression of
                      oxidation are required for smart alloys. Bulk tungsten
                      (W)–chroimum (Cr)–titanium (Ti) alloys were exposed
                      together with pure tungsten (W) samples to the steady-state
                      deuterium plasma under identical conditions in the linear
                      plasma device PSI 2. The temperature of the samples was ~576
                      °C–715 °C, the energy of impinging ions was 210 eV
                      matching well the conditions expected at the first wall of
                      DEMO. Weight loss measurements demonstrated similar mass
                      decrease of smart alloys and pure tungsten samples. The
                      oxidation of exposed samples has proven no effect of plasma
                      exposure on the oxidation resistance. The W–Cr–Ti alloy
                      demonstrated advantageous 3-fold lower mass gain due to
                      oxidation than that of pure tungsten.New yttrium
                      (Y)-containing thin film systems are demonstrating superior
                      performance in comparison to that of W–Cr–Ti systems and
                      of pure W. The oxidation rate constant of W–Cr–Y thin
                      film is 105 times less than that of pure tungsten. However,
                      the detected reactivity of the bulk smart alloy in humid
                      atmosphere is calling for a further improvement.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / ER-C-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000400089200004},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/aa6816},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829731},
}