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@INPROCEEDINGS{Niether:830385,
      author       = {Niether, Doreen and Afanasenkau, Dzmitry and Dhont, Jan
                      K.G. and Wiegand, Simone},
      title        = {{T}hermophoresis and the ‘{O}rigin-of-{L}ife’ concept},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03938},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Formamide is of special interest in the 'origin-of-life'
                      concept as it forms a number of prebiotic molecules under
                      catalytic conditions and at sufficiently high concentrations
                      [1]. For nucleotides and short DNA strands, numerical
                      finite-element calculations have shown that a high degree of
                      accumulation in hydrothermal pores occurs [2]. Using
                      thermophoretic data of the formamide/water system measured
                      with Infra-Red Thermal Diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering,
                      we show that the same combination of thermophoresis and
                      convection in hydrothermal pores leads to accumulation of
                      formamide up to concentrations high enough to initiate
                      synthesis of prebiotic nucleobases. The high degree of
                      formamide accumulation is due to an unusual temperature and
                      concentration dependence of the thermophoretic behaviour of
                      formamide. Starting with a formamide concentration of 10-3
                      $wt\%,$ estimated to be typical in shallow lakes on early
                      earth [3], the accumulation-fold in part of the pores
                      increases strongly with increasing aspect ratio of the
                      pores, and saturates to highly concentrated aqueous
                      formamide solutions of approximately 85 $wt\%$ at large
                      aspect ratios [4]. Time dependent studies show that these
                      high concentrations are reached after 45-90 days. To
                      understand the dependence of the accumulation on pore
                      geometry, we derived a heuristic model to illuminate the
                      process.[1] Pino, S.; Sponer, J. E.; Costanzo, G.; Saladino,
                      R. and Di Mauro, E.; Life, 5, 372-384, 2015. [2] Baaske, P.;
                      Weinert, F. M.; Duhr, S.; Lemke, K. H.; Russell, M. J. and
                      Braun,D.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 9346-9351,
                      2007.[3] Miyakawa, S.; Cleaves, H. J. and Miller, S. L.;
                      Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 32, 195-208, 2002.[4] Niether,
                      D.; Afanasenkau, D.; Dhont, J.K.G.; Wiegand, S.; Proc. Natl.
                      Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4272–4277, 2016.},
      month         = {May},
      date          = {2017-05-25},
      organization  = {116th General Assembly of the German
                       Bunsen Society for Physical Chemistry,
                       Kaiserslautern (Germany), 25 May 2017 -
                       27 May 2017},
      subtyp        = {Invited},
      cin          = {ICS-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-3-20110106},
      pnm          = {551 - Functional Macromolecules and Complexes (POF3-551)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-551},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/830385},
}