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@ARTICLE{Deshler:830453,
      author       = {Deshler, Terry and Stübi, Rene and Schmidlin, Francis J.
                      and Mercer, Jennifer L. and Smit, Herman G.J. and Johnson,
                      Bryan J. and Kivi, Rigel and Nardi, Bruno},
      title        = {{M}ethods to homogenize electrochemical concentration cell
                      ({ECC}) ozonesonde measurements across changes in sensing
                      solution concentration or ozonesonde manufacturer},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1867-8548},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03998},
      pages        = {2021 - 2043},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Ozone plays a significant role in the chemical and
                      radiative state of the atmosphere. For this reason there are
                      many instruments used to measure ozone from the ground, from
                      space, and from balloons. Balloon-borne electrochemical cell
                      ozonesondes provide some of the best measurements of the
                      ozone profile up to the mid-stratosphere, providing high
                      vertical resolution, high precision, and a wide geographic
                      distribution. From the mid-1990s to the late 2000s the
                      consistency of long-term records from balloon-borne
                      ozonesondes has been compromised by differences in
                      manufacturers, Science Pump (SP) and ENSCI (EN), and
                      differences in recommended sensor solution concentrations,
                      $1.0 \%$ potassium iodide (KI) and the one-half dilution:
                      $0.5 \%.$ To investigate these differences, a number of
                      organizations have independently undertaken comparisons of
                      the various ozonesonde types and solution concentrations,
                      resulting in 197 ozonesonde comparison profiles. The goal of
                      this study is to derive transfer functions to allow
                      measurements outside of standard recommendations, for sensor
                      composition and ozonesonde type, to be converted to a
                      standard measurement and thus homogenize the data to the
                      expected accuracy of $5 \%$ $(10 \%)$ in the
                      stratosphere (troposphere). Subsets of these data have been
                      analyzed previously and intermediate transfer functions
                      derived. Here all the comparison data are analyzed to
                      compare (1) differences in sensor solution composition for a
                      single ozonesonde type, (2) differences in ozonesonde type
                      for a single sensor solution composition, and (3) the World
                      Meteorological Organization's (WMO) and manufacturers'
                      recommendations of $1.0 \%$ KI solution for Science Pump
                      and $0.5 \%$ KI for ENSCI. From the recommendations it is
                      clear that ENSCI ozonesondes and $1.0 \%$ KI solution
                      result in higher amounts of ozone sensed. The results
                      indicate that differences in solution composition and in
                      ozonesonde type display little pressure dependence at
                      pressures  ≥  30 hPa, and thus the transfer
                      function can be characterized as a simple ratio of the less
                      sensitive to the more sensitive method. This ratio is 0.96
                      for both solution concentration and ozonesonde type. The
                      ratios differ at pressures < 30 hPa such that
                      $OZ0. 5\%/OZ1. 0 \% =  0. 90 + 0. 041 ⋅ log10(p)$
                      and
                      OZSciencePump/OZENSCI =  0. 764 + 0. 133 ⋅ log10(p)
                      for p in units of hPa. For the manufacturer-recommended
                      solution concentrations the dispersion of the ratio
                      $(SP-1.0 / EN-0.5 \%),$ while significant, is
                      generally within $3 \%$ and centered near 1.0, such that
                      no changes are recommended. For stations which have used
                      multiple ozonesonde types with solution concentrations
                      different from the WMO's and manufacturer's recommendations,
                      this work suggests that a reasonably homogeneous data set
                      can be created if the quantitative relationships specified
                      above are applied to the non-standard measurements. This
                      result is illustrated here in an application to the Nairobi
                      data set.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000403221100001},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-10-2021-2017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/830453},
}