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@ARTICLE{Wright:834825,
      author       = {Wright, Corwin J. and Hindley, Neil P. and Hoffmann, Lars
                      and Alexander, M. Joan and Mitchell, Nicholas J.},
      title        = {{E}xploring gravity wave characteristics in 3-{D} using a
                      novel {S}-transform technique: {AIRS}/{A}qua measurements
                      over the {S}outhern {A}ndes and {D}rake {P}assage},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {13},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-04716},
      pages        = {8553 - 8575},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Gravity waves (GWs) transport momentum and energy in the
                      atmosphere, exerting a profound influence on the global
                      circulation. Accurately measuring them is thus vital both
                      for understanding the atmosphere and for developing the next
                      generation of weather forecasting and climate prediction
                      models. However, it has proven very difficult to measure the
                      full set of GW parameters from satellite measurements, which
                      are the only suitable observations with global coverage.
                      This is particularly critical at latitudes close to
                      60° S, where climate models significantly under-represent
                      wave momentum fluxes. Here, we present a novel fully 3-D
                      method for detecting and characterising GWs in the
                      stratosphere. This method is based around a 3-D Stockwell
                      transform, and can be applied retrospectively to existing
                      observed data. This is the first scientific use of this
                      spectral analysis technique. We apply our method to
                      high-resolution 3-D atmospheric temperature data from
                      AIRS/Aqua over the altitude range 20–60 km. Our method
                      allows us to determine a wide range of parameters for each
                      wave detected. These include amplitude, propagation
                      direction, horizontal/vertical wavelength,
                      height/direction-resolved momentum fluxes (MFs), and phase
                      and group velocity vectors. The latter three have not
                      previously been measured from an individual satellite
                      instrument. We demonstrate this method over the region
                      around the Southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, the
                      largest known sources of GW MFs near the 60° S belt. Our
                      analyses reveal the presence of strongly intermittent highly
                      directionally focused GWs with very high momentum fluxes
                      (∼ 80–100 mPa or more at 30 km altitude). These
                      waves are closely associated with the mountains rather than
                      the open ocean of the Drake Passage. Measured fluxes are
                      directed orthogonal to both mountain ranges, consistent with
                      an orographic source mechanism, and are largest in winter.
                      Further, our measurements of wave group velocity vectors
                      show clear observational evidence that these waves are
                      strongly focused into the polar night wind jet, and thus may
                      contribute significantly to the "missing momentum" at these
                      latitudes. These results demonstrate the capabilities of our
                      new method, which provides a powerful tool for delivering
                      the observations required for the next generation of weather
                      and climate models.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000405466800004},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/834825},
}