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@ARTICLE{Beale:835030,
      author       = {Beale, Steven and Reimer, Uwe and Froning, Dieter and
                      Jasak, H. and Andersson, Martin and Pharoah, J. G. and
                      Lehnert, Werner},
      title        = {{S}tability {I}ssues for {F}uel {C}ell {M}odels in the
                      {A}ctivation and {C}oncentration {R}egimes},
      journal      = {Journal of electrochemical energy conversion and storage},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2381-6872},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {ASME},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-04900},
      pages        = {041008 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Code stability is a matter of concern for three-dimensional
                      (3D) fuel cell models operating both at high current density
                      and at high cell voltage. An idealized mathematical model of
                      a fuel cell should converge for all potentiostatic or
                      galvanostatic boundary conditions ranging from open circuit
                      to closed circuit. Many fail to do so, due to (i) fuel or
                      oxygen starvation causing divergence as local partial
                      pressures and mass fractions of fuel or oxidant fall to near
                      zero and (ii) nonlinearities in the Nernst and
                      Butler–Volmer equations near open-circuit conditions. This
                      paper describes in detail, specific numerical methods used
                      to improve the stability of a previously existing fuel cell
                      performance calculation procedure, at both low and high
                      current densities. Four specific techniques are identified.
                      A straight channel operating as a (i) solid oxide and (ii)
                      polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is used to illustrate
                      the efficacy of the modifications.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000447261700008},
      doi          = {10.1115/1.4039858},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/835030},
}