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@ARTICLE{Wurden:835982,
      author       = {Wurden, G. A. and Biedermann, C. and Effenberg, F. and
                      Jakubowski, M. and Niemann, H. and Stephey, L. and
                      Bozhenkov, S. and Brezinsek, S. and Fellinger, J. and
                      Cannas, B. and Pisano, F. and Marsen, S. and Laqua, H. P.
                      and Harris, J. H. and Unterberg, E. A. and König, R. and
                      Schmitz, O.},
      title        = {{L}imiter observations during {W}7-{X} first plasmas},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {57},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1741-4326},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-05107},
      pages        = {056036},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {During the first operational phase (referred to as OP1.1)
                      of the new Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator, five poloidal
                      graphite limiters were mounted on the inboard side of the
                      vacuum vessel, one in each of the five toroidal modules
                      which form the W7-X vacuum vessel. Each limiter consisted of
                      nine specially shaped graphite tiles, designed to conform to
                      the last closed field line geometry in the bean-shaped
                      section of the standard OP1.1 magnetic field configuration
                      (Sunn Pedersen et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 126001). We
                      observed the limiters with multiple infrared and visible
                      camera systems, as well as filtered photomultipliers. Power
                      loads are calculated from infrared (IR) temperature
                      measurements using THEODOR, and heating patterns (dual
                      stripes) compare well with field line mapping and
                      EMC3-EIRENE predictions. While the poloidal symmetry of the
                      heat loads was excellent, the toroidal heating pattern
                      showed up to a factor of 2×  variation, with peak heat
                      loads on Limiter 1. The total power intercepted by the
                      limiters was up to $~60\%$ of the input ECRH heating power.
                      Calorimetry using bulk tile heating (measured via post-shot
                      IR thermography) on Limiter 3 showed a difference between
                      short high power discharges, and longer lower power ones,
                      with regards to the fraction of energy deposited on the
                      limiters. Finally, fast heating transients, with
                      frequency  >1 kHz were detected, and their visibility
                      was enhanced by the presence of surface coatings which
                      developed on the limiters by the end of the campaign.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000398304900003},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/aa6609},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/835982},
}