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@ARTICLE{Wegener:836011,
      author       = {Wegener, Tobias and Klein, Felix and Litnovsky, Andrey and
                      Rasinski, Marcin and Brinkmann, Jens and Koch, Freimut and
                      Linsmeier, Christian},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and analyses of self-passivating tungsten
                      alloys for {DEMO} accidental conditions},
      journal      = {Fusion engineering and design},
      volume       = {124},
      issn         = {0920-3796},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-05136},
      pages        = {183-186},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Tungsten is considered the main candidate material for the
                      first-wall in DEMO due to its high melting point, low
                      erosion yield and low tritium retention. Nevertheless, it
                      can cause a substantial safety issue in a loss-of-coolant
                      accident (LOCA) in combination with air ingress into the
                      plasma vessel, due to the formation and sublimation of
                      volatile neutron activated tungsten oxide. Self-passivating
                      tungsten alloys introduce a passive safety mechanism by
                      forming a stable chromic oxide scale on the surface acting
                      as a diffusion barrier for oxygen and preventing the
                      formation of tungsten oxide. Self-passivating tungsten
                      alloys optimized for oxidation resistance containing ∼12
                      $wt.\%$ Cr and ∼0.6 $wt.\%$ Y are investigated under
                      conditions of argon–oxygen, humid argon and humid air
                      atmospheres at different partial pressures and temperatures
                      ranging from 1073 to 1273 K. Thin films with ∼3.5 μm
                      thickness produced by magnetron sputter deposition are used
                      as a model system. The oxidation resistance of these films
                      in an argon–20 $vol.\%$ oxygen atmosphere is sufficient to
                      prevent formation and release of tungsten oxide at
                      temperatures of from 1073 to 1273 K. The sublimation of Cr
                      in nitrogen–oxygen–water atmosphere at T ≥ 1273 K is
                      discussed. A deeper understanding of the governing processes
                      for oxygen/Cr diffusion under different atmospheres is
                      gained, supported by SEM/EDX in combination with FIB
                      cross-section and TGA measurements.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113) / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral
                      Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000419411900039},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.072},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/836011},
}