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@ARTICLE{deSaintVictor:837521,
      author       = {de Saint Victor, M. and Carugo, D. and Barnsley, L. C. and
                      Owen, J. and Coussios, C-C and Stride, E.},
      title        = {{M}agnetic targeting to enhance microbubble delivery in an
                      occluded microarterial bifurcation},
      journal      = {Physics in medicine and biology},
      volume       = {62},
      number       = {18},
      issn         = {1361-6560},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06416},
      pages        = {7451 - 7470},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Ultrasound and microbubbles have been shown to accelerate
                      the breakdown of blood clots both in vitro and in vivo.
                      Clinical translation of this technology is still limited,
                      however, in part by inefficient microbubble delivery to the
                      thrombus. This study examines the obstacles to delivery
                      posed by fluid dynamic conditions in occluded vasculature
                      and investigates whether magnetic targeting can improve
                      microbubble delivery. A 2D computational fluid dynamic model
                      of a fully occluded Y-shaped microarterial bifurcation was
                      developed to determine: (i) the fluid dynamic field in the
                      vessel with inlet velocities from 1–100 mm s−1
                      (corresponding to Reynolds numbers 0.25–25); (ii) the
                      transport dynamics of fibrinolytic drugs; and (iii) the flow
                      behavior of microbubbles with diameters in the
                      clinically-relevant range (0.6–5 µm). In vitro
                      experiments were carried out in a custom-built microfluidic
                      device. The flow field was characterized using tracer
                      particles, and fibrinolytic drug transport was assessed
                      using fluorescence microscopy. Lipid-shelled magnetic
                      microbubbles were fluorescently labelled to determine their
                      spatial distribution within the microvascular model. In both
                      the simulations and experiments, the formation of laminar
                      vortices and an abrupt reduction of fluid velocity were
                      observed in the occluded branch of the bifurcation, severely
                      limiting drug transport towards the occlusion. In the
                      absence of a magnetic field, no microbubbles reached the
                      occlusion, remaining trapped in the first vortex, within 350
                      µm from the bifurcation center. The number of microbubbles
                      trapped within the vortex decreased as the inlet velocity
                      increased, but was independent of microbubble size.
                      Application of a magnetic field (magnetic flux density of 76
                      mT, magnetic flux density gradient of 10.90 T m−1 at the
                      centre of the bifurcation) enabled delivery of microbubbles
                      to the occlusion and the number of microbubbles delivered
                      increased with bubble size and with decreasing inlet
                      velocity.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)NOSPEC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000409379600007},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28796644},
      doi          = {10.1088/1361-6560/aa858f},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/837521},
}