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@ARTICLE{Makhlai:837641,
      author       = {Makhlai, V. A. and Garkusha, I. E. and Linke, J. and
                      Malykhin, S. V. and Aksenov, N. N. and Byrka, O. V. and
                      Herashchenko, S. S. and Surovitskiy, S. V. and Wirtz, M.},
      title        = {{D}amaging of {T}ungsten and {T}ungsten–{T}antalum
                      {A}lloy {E}xposed in {ITER} {ELM}-like {C}onditions},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06519},
      pages        = {116 - 122},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {The damage of deformed double forged pure tungsten (W) and
                      tungsten alloyed with 5 $wt\%$ tantalum (WTa5) have been
                      studied in experimental simulations of ITER-like transient
                      events with relevant surface heat load parameters (energy
                      density up to 0.75 MJ/m2 and the pulse duration of 0.25 ms)
                      as well as particle loads (varied in wide range from 1023 to
                      1027 ion/m2 s) with quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA
                      Kh-50. The plasma exposures were performed for the targets
                      maintained at room temperature and preheated at 200 °C. The
                      surface heat loads were either with no melting of W surface
                      or above the melting threshold. The development of surface
                      morphology of the exposed targets as well as cracking and
                      swelling at the surface is discussed. Surface analysis was
                      carried out with an optical microscopy and SEM. Surface
                      modification and development of cracks led to increases of
                      roughness of exposed surfaces. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has
                      been used to study the micro-structural evolution of the
                      exposed targets. The micro deformations of W and WTa5 are
                      similar for targets exposed under similar conditions. The
                      contribution of excess complexes of interstitial atoms in
                      the formation of cracks after plasma irradiation was
                      evaluated.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000391191500019},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2016.04.001},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/837641},
}