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@ARTICLE{Tripathi:837696,
      author       = {Tripathi, J. K. and Novakowski, T. J. and Joseph, G. and
                      Linke, J. and Hassanein, A.},
      title        = {{T}emperature {D}ependent {S}urface {M}odification of
                      {M}olybdenum {D}ue to {L}ow {E}nergy {H}e+ {I}on
                      {I}rradiation},
      journal      = {Journal of nuclear materials},
      volume       = {464},
      issn         = {0022-3115},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06556},
      pages        = {97 - 106},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {In this paper, we report on the temperature dependent
                      surface modifications in molybdenum (Mo) samples due to 100
                      eV He+ ion irradiation in extreme conditions as a potential
                      candidate to plasma-facing components in fusion devices
                      alternative to tungsten. The Mo samples were irradiated at
                      normal incidence, using an ion fluence of 2.6 × 1024 ions
                      m−2 (with a flux of 7.2 × 1020 ions m−2 s−1). Surface
                      modifications have been studied using high-resolution field
                      emission scanning electron-(SEM) and atomic force (AFM)
                      microscopy. At 773 K target temperature homogeneous
                      evolution of molybdenum nanograins on the entire Mo surface
                      were observed. However, at 823 K target temperature
                      appearance of nano-pores and pin-holes nearby the grain
                      boundaries, and Mo fuzz in patches were observed. The fuzz
                      density increases significantly with target temperatures and
                      continued until 973 K. However, at target temperatures
                      beyond 973 K, counterintuitively, a sequential reduction in
                      the fuzz density has been seen till 1073 K temperatures. At
                      1173 K and above temperatures, only molybdenum nano
                      structures were observed. Our temperature dependent studies
                      confirm a clear temperature widow, 823–1073 K, for Mo fuzz
                      formation. Ex-situ high resolution X-ray photoelectron
                      spectroscopy studies on Mo fuzzy samples show the evidence
                      of MoO3 3d doublets. This elucidates that almost all the Mo
                      fuzz were oxidized during open air exposure and are thick
                      enough as well. Likewise the microscopy studies, the optical
                      reflectivity measurements also show a sequential reduction
                      in the reflectivity values (i.e., enhancement in the fuzz
                      density) up to 973 K and after then a sequential enhancement
                      in the reflectivity values (i.e., reduction in the fuzz
                      density) with target temperatures. This is in well agreement
                      with microscopy studies where we observed clear temperature
                      window for Mo fuzz growth.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000359170700015},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.04.022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/837696},
}