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@ARTICLE{Schtze:838131,
      author       = {Schütze, Katharina and Wilson, James C. and Weinbruch,
                      Stephan and Benker, Nathalie and Ebert, Martin and Günther,
                      Gebhard and Weigel, Ralf and Borrmann, Stephan},
      title        = {{S}ub 500nm refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar
                      stratosphere},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {278},
      issn         = {1680-7375},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06835},
      pages        = {1 - 35},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Eleven particle samples collected in the polar stratosphere
                      during SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone loss and validation experiment)
                      from January until March 2000 were characterized in detail
                      by high-resolution transmission and scanning electron
                      microscopy (TEM/SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray
                      microanalysis. A total number of 4175 particles
                      (TEM = 3845; SEM = 330) was analyzed from these
                      samples which were collected mostly inside the polar vortex
                      in the altitude range between 17.3 and 19.9 km. By
                      particle volume, all samples are dominated by volatile
                      particles (ammonium sulfates/hydrogen sulfates). By number,
                      approximately $28–82 \%$ of the particles are refractory
                      carbonaceous with sizes between 20–830 nm. Internal
                      mixtures of refractory carbonaceous and volatile particles
                      comprise up to $16 \%,$ individual volatile particles
                      about 9 to $72 \%.Most$ of the refractory carbonaceous
                      particles are completely amorphous, a few of the particles
                      are partly ordered with a graphene sheet separation distance
                      of 0.37 ± 0.06 nm (mean value ± standard deviation).
                      Carbon and oxygen are the only detected major elements with
                      an atomic O / C ratio of 0.11 ± 0.07. Minor
                      elements observed include Si, S, Fe, Cr and Ni with the
                      following atomic ratios relative to C: Si / C:
                      0.010 ± 0.011; S / C: 0.0007 ± 0.0015;
                      Fe / C: 0.0052 ± 0.0074; Cr / C:
                      0.0012 ± 0.0017; Ni / C: 0.0006 ± 0.0011 (all
                      mean values ± standard deviation).High resolution element
                      distribution images reveal that the minor elements are
                      distributed within the carbonaceous matrix, i.e.,
                      heterogeneous inclusions are not observed. No difference in
                      size, nanostructure and elemental composition was found
                      between particles collected inside and outside the polar
                      vortex.Based on chemistry and nanostructure, aircraft
                      exhaust, volcanic emissions and biomass burning can
                      certainly be excluded as source. The same is true for the
                      less probable, but globally important sources: wood burning,
                      coal burning, diesel engines and ship emissions.Rocket
                      exhaust and carbonaceous material from interplanetary dust
                      particles remain as possible sources of the refractory
                      carbonaceous particles studied. However, additional work is
                      required in order to identify the sources unequivocally.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-2017-278},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838131},
}