000838142 001__ 838142 000838142 005__ 20240712100834.0 000838142 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0230.1 000838142 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1558-8424 000838142 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1558-8432 000838142 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000393298900012 000838142 0247_ $$2Handle$$a2128/20366 000838142 037__ $$aFZJ-2017-06846 000838142 082__ $$a550 000838142 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHeymsfield, Andrew$$b0$$eCorresponding author 000838142 245__ $$aDependence of the Ice Water Content and Snowfall Rate on Temperature, Globally: Comparison of in Situ Observations, Satellite Active Remote Sensing Retrievals, and Global Climate Model Simulations 000838142 260__ $$aBoston, Mass.$$bAMS$$c2017 000838142 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000838142 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000838142 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1507180623_26350 000838142 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000838142 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000838142 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000838142 520__ $$aCloud ice microphysical properties measured or estimated from in situ aircraft observations are compared with global climate models and satellite active remote sensor retrievals. Two large datasets, with direct measurements of the ice water content (IWC) and encompassing data from polar to tropical regions, are combined to yield a large database of in situ measurements. The intention of this study is to identify strengths and weaknesses of the various methods used to derive ice cloud microphysical properties. The in situ data are measured with total water hygrometers, condensed water probes, and particle spectrometers. Data from polar, midlatitude, and tropical locations are included. The satellite data are retrieved from CloudSat/CALIPSO [the CloudSat Ice Cloud Property Product (2C-ICE) and 2C-SNOW-PROFILE] and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Level2A. Although the 2C-ICE retrieval is for IWC, a method to use the IWC to get snowfall rates S is developed. The GPM retrievals are for snowfall rate only. Model results are derived using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) and the Met Office Unified Model [Global Atmosphere 7 (GA7)]. The retrievals and model results are related to the in situ observations using temperature and are partitioned by geographical region. Specific variables compared between the in situ observations, models, and retrievals are the IWC and S. Satellite-retrieved IWCs are reasonably close in value to the in situ observations, whereas the models’ values are relatively low by comparison. Differences between the in situ IWCs and those from the other methods are compounded when S is considered, leading to model snowfall rates that are considerably lower than those derived from the in situ data. 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