% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Heymsfield:838142,
      author       = {Heymsfield, Andrew and Krämer, Martina and Wood, Norman B.
                      and Gettelman, Andrew and Field, Paul R. and Liu, Guosheng},
      title        = {{D}ependence of the {I}ce {W}ater {C}ontent and {S}nowfall
                      {R}ate on {T}emperature, {G}lobally: {C}omparison of in
                      {S}itu {O}bservations, {S}atellite {A}ctive {R}emote
                      {S}ensing {R}etrievals, and {G}lobal {C}limate {M}odel
                      {S}imulations},
      journal      = {Journal of applied meteorology and climatology},
      volume       = {56},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1558-8432},
      address      = {Boston, Mass.},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06846},
      pages        = {189 - 215},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Cloud ice microphysical properties measured or estimated
                      from in situ aircraft observations are compared with global
                      climate models and satellite active remote sensor
                      retrievals. Two large datasets, with direct measurements of
                      the ice water content (IWC) and encompassing data from polar
                      to tropical regions, are combined to yield a large database
                      of in situ measurements. The intention of this study is to
                      identify strengths and weaknesses of the various methods
                      used to derive ice cloud microphysical properties. The in
                      situ data are measured with total water hygrometers,
                      condensed water probes, and particle spectrometers. Data
                      from polar, midlatitude, and tropical locations are
                      included. The satellite data are retrieved from
                      CloudSat/CALIPSO [the CloudSat Ice Cloud Property Product
                      (2C-ICE) and 2C-SNOW-PROFILE] and Global Precipitation
                      Measurement (GPM) Level2A. Although the 2C-ICE retrieval is
                      for IWC, a method to use the IWC to get snowfall rates S is
                      developed. The GPM retrievals are for snowfall rate only.
                      Model results are derived using the Community Atmosphere
                      Model (CAM5) and the Met Office Unified Model [Global
                      Atmosphere 7 (GA7)]. The retrievals and model results are
                      related to the in situ observations using temperature and
                      are partitioned by geographical region. Specific variables
                      compared between the in situ observations, models, and
                      retrievals are the IWC and S. Satellite-retrieved IWCs are
                      reasonably close in value to the in situ observations,
                      whereas the models’ values are relatively low by
                      comparison. Differences between the in situ IWCs and those
                      from the other methods are compounded when S is considered,
                      leading to model snowfall rates that are considerably lower
                      than those derived from the in situ data. Anomalous trends
                      with temperature are noted in some instances.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000393298900012},
      doi          = {10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0230.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838142},
}