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@ARTICLE{Viani:838846,
      author       = {Viani, Alberto and Sotiriadis, Konstantinos and Kumpová,
                      Ivana and Mancini, Lucia and Appavou, Marie-Sousai},
      title        = {{M}icrostructural characterization of dental zinc phosphate
                      cements using combined small angle neutron scattering and
                      microfocus {X}-ray computed tomography},
      journal      = {Dental materials},
      volume       = {33},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0109-5641},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07356},
      pages        = {402 - 417},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {ObjectiveTo characterize the microstructure of two zinc
                      phosphate cement formulations in order to investigate the
                      role of liquid/solid ratio and composition of powder
                      component, on the developed porosity and, consequently, on
                      compressive strength.MethodsX-ray powder diffraction with
                      the Rietveld method was used to study the phase composition
                      of zinc oxide powder and cements. Powder component and
                      cement microstructure were investigated with scanning
                      electron microscopy. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS)
                      and microfocus X-ray computed tomography (XmCT) were
                      together employed to characterize porosity and
                      microstructure of dental cements. Compressive strength tests
                      were performed to evaluate their mechanical
                      performance.ResultsThe beneficial effects obtained by the
                      addition of Al, Mg and B to modulate powder reactivity were
                      mitigated by the crystallization of a Zn aluminate phase not
                      involved in the cement setting reaction. Both cements showed
                      spherical pores with a bimodal distribution at the
                      micro/nano-scale. Pores, containing a low density gel-like
                      phase, developed through segregation of liquid during
                      setting. Increasing liquid/solid ratio from 0.378 to 0.571,
                      increased both SANS and XmCT-derived specific surface area
                      (by $56\%$ and $22\%,$ respectively), porosity (XmCT-derived
                      porosity increased from $3.8\%$ to $5.2\%),$ the relative
                      fraction of large pores ≥50 μm, decreased compressive
                      strength from 50 ± 3 MPa to 39 ± 3 MPa, and favored
                      microstructural and compositional
                      inhomogeneities.SignificanceExplain aspects of powder design
                      affecting the setting reaction and, in turn, cement
                      performance, to help in optimizing cement formulation. The
                      mechanism behind development of porosity and specific
                      surface area explains mechanical performance, and processes
                      such as erosion and fluoride release/uptake.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28222906},
      UT           = {WOS:000396410200009},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.dental.2017.01.008},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838846},
}