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@ARTICLE{Yoshimura:838860,
      author       = {Yoshimura, Kimio and Zhao, Yue and Hasegawa, Shin and
                      Hiroki, Akihiro and Kishiyama, Yoshihiro and Shishitani,
                      Hideyuki and Yamaguchi, Susumu and Tanaka, Hirohisa and
                      Koizumi, Satoshi and Appavou, Marie-Sousai and Radulescu,
                      Aurel and Richter, Dieter and Maekawa, Yasunari},
      title        = {{I}midazolium-based anion exchange membranes for alkaline
                      anion fuel cells: (2) elucidation of the ionic structure and
                      its impact on conducting propertiesu},
      journal      = {Soft matter},
      volume       = {13},
      issn         = {1744-6848},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Royal Soc. of Chemistry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07370},
      pages        = {8463-8473},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {In our previous study (Soft Matter, 2016, 12, 1567), the
                      relationship between the morphology and properties of
                      graft-type imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
                      was revealed, in that the semi-crystalline features of the
                      polymer matrix maintain its mechanical properties and the
                      formation of interconnected hydrophilic domains promotes the
                      membrane conductivity. Here, we report a novel ionic
                      structure of the same graft-type AEMs with different
                      grafting degrees, analyzed using a small-angle X-ray
                      scattering method under different relative humidity (RH)
                      conditions. The characteristic “ionomer peak” with a
                      corresponding correlation distance of approximately 1.0 nm
                      was observed at RH < $80\%.$ This distance is much smaller
                      than the literature-reported mean distance between two ionic
                      clusters, but close to the Bjerrum length of water. Since
                      the representative number of water molecules per cation, nw,
                      was small, we proposed that dissociated ion-pairs are
                      distributed in the hydrophilic domains (ion-channels). At RH
                      < $80\%,$ ion-channels are disconnected, however in liquid
                      water, they are well-connected as evidenced by the sharp
                      increase in nw. The disconnected ion-channels even under
                      relatively high RH conditions should be a substantial factor
                      for the low power generation efficiency of AEM-type fuel
                      cells.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / JCNS-1 / MLZ},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623) / 144 - Controlling
                      Collective States (POF3-144) / 6213 - Materials and
                      Processes for Energy and Transport Technologies (POF3-621)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29090306},
      UT           = {WOS:000416066400014},
      doi          = {10.1039/C7SM01774J},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838860},
}