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@ARTICLE{Zhang:838909,
      author       = {Zhang, Wenbin and Li, Jianqiu and Xu, Liangfei and Ouyang,
                      Minggao},
      title        = {{O}ptimization for a fuel cell/battery/capacity tram with
                      equivalent consumption minimization strategy},
      journal      = {Energy conversion and management},
      volume       = {134},
      issn         = {0196-8904},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07415},
      pages        = {59 - 69},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {This paper describes a hybrid tram powered by a Proton
                      Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) stack supported by an
                      energy storage system (ESS) composed of a Li-ion battery
                      (LB) pack and an ultra-capacitor (UC) pack. This
                      configuration allows the tram to operate without grid
                      connection. The hybrid tram with its full load is tested in
                      the CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co.; Ltd. It firstly works on the
                      operation mode switching method (OPMS) without energy
                      regenerative and proper power management. Therefore, an
                      equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) aimed at
                      minimizing the hydrogen consumption is proposed to improve
                      the characteristics of the tram. The results show that the
                      proposed control system enhances drivability and economy,
                      and is effective for application to this hybrid system.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000393002100005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.007},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838909},
}