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@ARTICLE{Menzler:839966,
      author       = {Menzler, Norbert H. and Sebold, Doris and Guillon, Olivier},
      title        = {{P}ost-test characterization of a solid oxide fuel cell
                      stack operated for more than 30,000 hours: {T}he cell},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {374},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07540},
      pages        = {69 - 76},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A four-layer solid oxide fuel cell stack with planar
                      anode-supported cells was operated galvanostatically at 700
                      °C and 0.5Acm−2 for nearly 35,000 h. One of the four
                      planes started to degrade more rapidly after ∼28,000 h and
                      finally more progressively after ∼33,000 h. The stack was
                      then shut down and a post-test analysis was carefully
                      performed. The cell was characterized with respect to
                      cathodic impurities and clarification of the reason(s) for
                      failure. Wet chemical analysis revealed very low chromium
                      incorporation into the cathode. However, SEM and TEM
                      observations on polished and fractured surfaces showed
                      catastrophic failure in the degraded layer. The
                      cathode–barrier–electrolyte cell layer system
                      delaminated from the entire cell over large areas. The
                      source of delamination was the formation of a porous,
                      sponge-like secondary phase consisting of zirconia, yttria
                      and manganese (oxide). Large secondary phase islands grew
                      from the electrolyte–anode interface towards the anode and
                      cracked the bonding between both layers. The manganese
                      originated from the contact or protection layers used on the
                      air side. This stack result shows that volatile species –
                      in this case manganese – should be avoided, especially
                      when long-term applications are envisaged.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
                      (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000418391900009},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.025},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/839966},
}