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@INPROCEEDINGS{Gawei:839985,
      author       = {Gawei, Anugra and Pomplun, Ekkehard and Kriehuber, Ralf},
      title        = {{STUDY} {ON} {CYTOTOXIC} {EFFECTS} {OF} {AUGER} {ELECTRON}
                      {EMITTER} {TECHNETIUM}-99{M} {IN} {FUNCTIONAL} {RAT}
                      {THYROID} {CELLS}},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07555},
      year         = {2013},
      abstract     = {Introduction: Because of its favorable half-life (6.02
                      hours) and distinct characteristic gamma-line,
                      Technetium-99m (99mTc) is the most widespread radionuclide
                      in nuclear medicine. Additionally, this nuclide emits low
                      energetic, short-range Auger electrons which can deposit
                      relatively high energy in a rather small volume in the
                      immediate vicinity of the decay site. When located in close
                      proximity to the DNA, the biological effects caused by Auger
                      emitters are severe and assumed to be comparable with alpha
                      particles. This poses the question towards an enhanced
                      relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of Auger electron
                      emitter. To assess the potential impact of
                      99mTc-Pertechnetate on cellular level, the cytotoxicity of
                      99mTc was investigated after extracellular and intracellular
                      localization in the functional rat thyroid cell line,
                      FRTL-5.Methods: FRTL-5 cells were exposed to
                      99mTc-pertechnetate (25, 50 and 75 MBq), either intra- or
                      extracellular located and clonogenic assay (colony-forming
                      assay, CFA) was performed to assess cell killing i.e. loss
                      of reproductive capacity. For comparison FRTL-5 cells were
                      externally irradiated with 137Cs (0.7 Gy/min; Gammacell-40).
                      To achieve extracellular localization of 99mTc, the
                      Sodium-Iodide Symporter (NIS) was inhibited with sodium
                      perchlorate (SP). The used amounts of activity and the
                      cellular uptake of 99mTc was measured and determined by
                      gamma-counting. The micro-dosimetric calculations were based
                      on cell size and Point-Kernel calculations using electron
                      spectra provided and published by Pomplun et al
                      (2006).Results: Rapid uptake of 99mTc by the FRTL-5 cells
                      was observed within the first few minutes after application.
                      The addition of SP restricted 99mTc from entering the
                      intracellular lumen by the NIS. However, no complete
                      inhibition of uptake as well as no elimination of
                      intracellular 99mTc by extensive washing steps before CFA
                      was observed, both much in contrast to reports of other
                      authors (Wendisch et al. 2012). 99mTc was able to cause more
                      prominent cell killing when located intracellular as
                      compared to extracellular localization per decay. However,
                      per dose unit no significant differences were observed.
                      Compared to high-dose rate external 137Cs gamma-irradiation
                      the cell killing was much weaker after 99mTc-exposure as
                      already published for MN induction in SCL-II cells by
                      Kriehuber et al. 2004. The SP treatment itself had no
                      influence on cytotoxic damage.Conclusions: No significant
                      effect of the localization (intra- vs extracellular) of
                      99mTc on cell killing can be observed per unit dose ruling
                      out any “Auger effect” for 99mTc-pertechnetate.
                      Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of 99mTc is much weaker
                      when compared to external high-dose rate exposure (137Cs),
                      which is most likely to be explained by the low dose rate of
                      the 99mTc exposure.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2013-09-01},
      organization  = {40th Annual Meeting of the European
                       Radiation Research Society, Duplin
                       (Ireland), 1 Sep 2013 - 5 Sep 2013},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {S-US},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)S-US-20090406},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF3-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/839985},
}