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@ARTICLE{Fang:840144,
      author       = {Fang, Qingping and Frey, Carolin and Menzler, Norbert H.
                      and Blum, Ludger},
      title        = {{E}lectrochemical {P}erformance and {P}reliminary
                      {P}ost-{M}ortem {A}nalysis of a {S}olid {O}xide
                      {E}lectrolyzer {S}tack with 20,000 h of {O}peration},
      journal      = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},
      volume       = {165},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0013-4651},
      address      = {Pennington, NJ},
      publisher    = {Electrochemical Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07703},
      pages        = {F38 - F45},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A long-term test with a two-layer solid oxide cell stack
                      was carried out for more than 20,000 hours. The stack was
                      mainly characterized in a furnace environment in
                      electrolysis mode, with $50\%$ humidification of H2 at
                      800°C. The endothermic operation was carried out with a
                      current density of −0.5 Acm−2 and steam conversion rate
                      of $50\%.$ Electrolysis at lower temperatures (i.e., 700°C
                      and 750°C) and fuel cell operation (with 0.5 Acm−2 and
                      fuel utilization of $50\%)$ at 800°C were also carried out
                      (<2000 h each) for comparison. The voltage and area specific
                      resistance degradation rates were $∼0.6\%/kh$ and
                      $8.2\%/kh$ after ∼18,460 hours of operation. In total, the
                      stack was operated above 700°C for more than 20,000 hours.
                      Impedance measurement and analysis showed that the increase
                      of ohmic resistance was the main degradation phenomenon,
                      while electrode polarizations were kept nearly constant
                      before a severe burning took place in one layer.
                      Ni-depletion in fuel electrodes was confirmed during
                      post-mortem analysis, which was assumed to be the major
                      degradation mechanism observed. The stack performance and
                      degradation analysis under different working conditions, as
                      well as the results of preliminary post-mortem analysis will
                      be presented.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
                      (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000431786800104},
      doi          = {10.1149/2.0541802jes},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/840144},
}