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@ARTICLE{Mahmoud:840226,
      author       = {Mahmoud, Abdelfattah and Al Daroukh, Mahmoud and
                      Lipinska-Chwalek, Marta and Luysberg, Martina and Tietz,
                      Frank and Hermann, Raphael P.},
      title        = {{A} {M}össbauer spectral study of degradation in {L}a 0.58
                      {S}r 0.4 {F}e 0.5 {C}o 0.5 {O} 3−x after long-term
                      operation in solid oxide electrolysis cells},
      journal      = {Solid state ionics},
      volume       = {312},
      issn         = {0167-2738},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07780},
      pages        = {38 - 43},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Degradation processes of oxygen electrodes in solid oxide
                      electrolysis cells (SOECs) were studied by X-ray diffraction
                      (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission
                      electron microscopy (TEM) and Mössbauer spectroscopy.
                      La0.58Sr0.4Fe0.5Co0.5O3−x (LSCF) anodes (oxygen electrode)
                      were analyzed after different long-term operations durations
                      of 1774, 6100 and 9000 h. The results were compared with a
                      cell in the initial state. Besides the LSCF anode, the SOECs
                      were composed of a Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 barrier layer between the
                      anode and electrolyte, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as
                      electrolyte and Ni-YSZ as cathode (hydrogen electrode).
                      Mössbauer spectra of the iron-containing anode were
                      acquired in order to determine the alteration of the iron
                      oxidation state and its local environment during operation.
                      Mössbauer spectroscopy yields indirect information about
                      the degradation mechanism, especially in combination with
                      SEM, TEM, and XRD. XRD and TEM revealed the appearance of
                      Co3O4 during the SOEC operation and SEM analyses confirmed
                      the formation of SrZrO3 at the electrode/electrolyte
                      interface. The spectral analysis confirmed the reduction of
                      iron from Fe(IV) to Fe(III) in LSCF after long-term
                      operation. The fraction of Fe(IV) in the electrode decreased
                      with time and 18, 15, 13 and $11\%$ were obtained for 0,
                      1774, 6100, and 9000 h of operation, respectively.},
      cin          = {JCNS-2 / PGI-4 / JARA-FIT / IEK-1 / ER-C-1 / ER-C-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-4-20110106 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$ / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-1-20170209 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209},
      pnm          = {144 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-144) / 524 -
                      Controlling Collective States (POF3-524) / 6212 - Quantum
                      Condensed Matter: Magnetism, Superconductivity (POF3-621) /
                      6213 - Materials and Processes for Energy and Transport
                      Technologies (POF3-621) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron
                      Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-524 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6212 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000418214100006},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ssi.2017.10.003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/840226},
}