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@ARTICLE{Robinet:841080,
      author       = {Robinet, Jeremy and von Hebel, Christian and Govers, Gerard
                      and van der Kruk, Jan and Minella, Jean P. G. and Schlesner,
                      Alexandre and Ameijeiras-Marino, Yolanda and Vanderborght,
                      Jan},
      title        = {{S}patial variability of soil water content and soil
                      electrical conductivity across scales derived from
                      {E}lectromagnetic {I}nduction and {T}ime {D}omain
                      {R}eflectometry},
      journal      = {Geoderma},
      volume       = {314},
      issn         = {0016-7061},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-08180},
      pages        = {160 - 174},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Quick, reliable and accurate estimates of soil water
                      content (SWC) at intermediate (slope) to larger
                      scale(catchment) are important for understanding
                      hydrological processes and may be provided by
                      electromagneticinduction (EMI). EMI measures the apparent
                      electrical conductivity of the subsurface (ECapp) which
                      represents adepth weighted average value of the bulk soil
                      electrical conductivity (ECb). The relation between ECb and
                      SWChas generally been investigated in soil cores or using
                      local measurements of SWC and ECb. Studies that
                      investigatedthe relation between ECapp measured with EMI and
                      SWC in considerably larger and internally moreheterogeneous
                      support volumes are far scarcer and cover a limited range of
                      environments with a limited range offactors contributing to
                      ECapp. This study developed a new calibration method to
                      obtain quantitative estimates ofSWC using EMI measured ECapp
                      data in a sub-tropical region in Southern Brazil at sites
                      with different soilproperties. SWC and ECb were measured in
                      soil pits with Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) probes.
                      CollocatedECapp was simultaneously measured with EMI using
                      different coil separations and orientations to measure
                      overincreasing sensing volume. EMI measured ECapp data were
                      first calibrated against calculated ECapp, which werederived
                      from ECb profiles inserted in an exact EMI forward model. A
                      depth averaged SWC (SWCavg) was calculatedand different
                      calibrations that relate ECapp to SWCavg were evaluated.
                      ECapp measurements of the deepersensing coil configurations
                      could predict best the variability of SWCavg using a
                      non-linear relation. Spatiotemporalvariations of pore water
                      electrical conductivity (ECw) were found to be an important
                      cofounding factor.Temporal variations of ECw and the small
                      temporal variability of SWCavg prevented the prediction of
                      temporalvariability of SWCavg using ECapp measurements.
                      Overall, the combination of both calibration steps resulted
                      inthe description of $83\%$ of the spatial variability of
                      SWCavg from ECapp measurements.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000424178400017},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.10.045},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841080},
}