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@ARTICLE{Wulf:841318,
      author       = {Wulf, Christina and Zapp, Petra and Schreiber, Andrea and
                      Marx, Josefine and Schlör, Holger},
      title        = {{L}essons learned from a life cycle sustainability
                      assessment of rare earth permanent magnets},
      journal      = {Journal of industrial ecology},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1088-1980},
      address      = {Oxford [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-08407},
      pages        = {1578 - 1590},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {n order to address methodological challenges during life
                      cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), this article
                      combines the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA), a
                      life cycle costing, and a social LCA using the example of a
                      complex product: a rare earth permanent magnet for use in
                      wind turbines. The article presents different approaches for
                      combining the results of separate assessments with its
                      attendant methodological challenges. Different
                      normalization, aggregation methods, and weighing factors are
                      applied and their impacts on the results are compared. The
                      underlying case study makes an evaluation of these different
                      methodologies more concrete. Results show that the
                      normalization method applied has a greater influence on the
                      overall results than the aggregation method or weighting
                      factors. Additionally, this study shows that indifference
                      thresholds should be applied to avoid overestimation of
                      small impacts. Indifference thresholds ensure that impact
                      categories with nearly the same results for all analyzed
                      options are treated as identical results. The study also
                      indicates the importance of the question of how much
                      compensation between impacts is desirable. Despite the
                      impact of these factors, the chosen case study of an LCSA
                      for permanent magnets with different supply routes for rare
                      earths shows that the ranking of Chinese production is the
                      most problematic irrespective of the approaches applied.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000417766200012},
      doi          = {10.1111/jiec.12575},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841318},
}