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@ARTICLE{Jiao:841679,
      author       = {Jiao, Facun and Kinoshita, Norikazu and Kawaguchi, Masato
                      and Asada, Motoyuki and Honda, Maki and Sueki, Keisuke and
                      Ninomiya, Yoshihiko and Sergeev, Dmitry and Bläsing, Marc
                      and Müller, Michael},
      title        = {{V}aporization {B}ehavior of {C}s, {K}, and {N}a in
                      {C}s-{C}ontaining {I}ncineration {B}ottom {A}sh during
                      {T}hermal {T}reatment with {C}a{C}l 2 and {C}a{O}},
      journal      = {Energy $\&$ fuels},
      volume       = {31},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {1520-5029},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00002},
      pages        = {14045 - 14052},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The vaporization behaviors of the alkali metals Cs, K, and
                      Na were investigated at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C in a
                      lab-scale electrical-heating horizontal furnace using a
                      Cs-doped ash with the addition of CaCl2 and/or CaO. Knudsen
                      effusion mass spectrometry was employed to measure the
                      vaporization of the alkali metals in the Cs-doped ash with
                      CaO under a high vacuum. Molecular beam mass spectrometry
                      was used online to measure their vaporization from the
                      Cs-doped ash with either CaCl2 or a mixture of CaCl2 and
                      CaO. The addition of CaO caused some vaporization of these
                      elements, which was probably due to the replacement of the
                      Cs+, K+, and Na+ cations in aluminosilicates with Ca2+
                      cations during the thermal treatment. The vaporization
                      propensity of the three elements followed the sequence of Cs
                      > K > Na. The vaporization of Cs, K, and Na were observed
                      during a thermal treatment with CaCl2. An increase in the
                      content of CaCl2 or the reaction temperature facilitated the
                      vaporization of Cs, K, and Na. O2 and H2O in the reactant
                      gas showed an inhibiting effect on the vaporization of Cs,
                      K, and Na through accelerating the release of Cl from the
                      decomposition of CaCl2. A synergistic effect was observed
                      between the addition of CaCl2 and CaO on the vaporization of
                      Cs, K, and Na because they delayed the release of Cl, which
                      provided a longer contact time between the three metals and
                      the gaseous Cl. Moreover, when the mixture of CaCl2 and CaO
                      was used, the CaO produced unstable Cs, K, and Na that
                      readily reacted with gaseous Cl, enhancing the vaporization
                      of the alkali metals during thermal treatment. At 1100 °C,
                      $93\%$ of the Cs was vaporized from the Cs-doped ash with
                      $5\%$ CaCl2 and $20\%$ CaO while the vaporization ratio of K
                      and Na was $69\%$ and $63\%,$ respectively.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000418783800099},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02930},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841679},
}