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@ARTICLE{Niemller:841812,
      author       = {Niemöller, Arvid and Jakes, Peter and Eurich, Svitlana and
                      Paulus, Anja and Kungl, Hans and Eichel, Rüdiger-A. and
                      Granwehr, Josef},
      title        = {{M}onitoring local redox processes in {L}i{N}i 0.5 {M}n 1.5
                      {O} 4 battery cathode material by in operando {EPR}
                      spectroscopy},
      journal      = {The journal of chemical physics},
      volume       = {148},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1089-7690},
      address      = {Melville, NY},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00113},
      pages        = {014705 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Despite the multitude of analytical methods available to
                      characterize battery cathode materials, identifying the
                      factors responsible for material aging is still challenging.
                      We present the first investigation of transient redox
                      processes in a spinel cathode during electrochemical cycling
                      of a lithium ion battery by in operando electron
                      paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The battery contains a
                      LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel cathode, which is a material
                      whose magnetic interactions are well understood. The
                      evolution of the EPR signal in combination with
                      electrochemical measurements shows the impact of Mn3+ on the
                      Li+ motion inside the spinel. Moreover, state of charge
                      dependent linewidth variations confirm the formation of a
                      solid solution for slow cycling, which is taken over by
                      mixed models of solid solution and two-phase formation for
                      fast cycling due to kinetic restrictions and overpotentials.
                      Long-term measurements for 480 h showed the stability of the
                      investigated LNMO, but also small amounts of cathode
                      degradation products became visible. The results point out
                      how local, exchange mediated magnetic interactions in
                      cathode materials are linked with battery performance and
                      can be used for material characterization},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29306293},
      UT           = {WOS:000419394500029},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.5008251},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841812},
}