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@ARTICLE{GonzalezJulian:841898,
      author       = {Gonzalez-Julian, J. and Neuhaus, K. and Bernemann, M. and
                      Pereira da Silva, J. and Laptev, A. and Bram, M. and
                      Guillon, O.},
      title        = {{U}nveiling the mechanisms of cold sintering of {Z}n{O} at
                      250 °{C} by varying applied stress and characterizing
                      grain boundaries by {K}elvin {P}robe {F}orce {M}icroscopy},
      journal      = {Acta materialia},
      volume       = {144},
      issn         = {1359-6454},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00195},
      pages        = {116 - 128},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The sintering behavior of nanocrystalline ZnO was
                      investigated at only 250 °C. Densification was achieved by
                      the combined effect of uniaxial pressure and the addition of
                      water both in a Field Assisted Sintering Technology/Spark
                      Plasma Sintering apparatus and a hand press with a heater
                      holder. The final pure ZnO materials present high densities
                      $(>90\%$ theoretical density) with nano-grain sizes. By
                      measuring the shrinkage rate as a function of applied stress
                      it was possible to identify the stress exponent related to
                      the densification process. A value larger than one points to
                      non-linear relationship going beyond single solid-state
                      diffusion or liquid phase sintering. Only a low amount of
                      water (1.7 $wt\%)$ was needed since the process is dictated
                      by the adsorption on the surface of the ZnO particles. Part
                      of the adsorbed water dissociates into H+ and OH− ions,
                      which diffuse into the ZnO crystal structure, generating
                      grain boundaries/interfaces with high defect chemistry. As
                      characterized by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy, and
                      supported by impedance spectroscopy, this highly defective
                      grain boundary area presents much higher surface energy than
                      the bulk. This highly defective grain boundary area with
                      high potential reduces the activation energy of the atomic
                      diffusion, leading to sinter the compound at low
                      temperature.},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000424067100012},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.actamat.2017.10.055},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841898},
}