% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Gao:841934,
      author       = {Gao, Zhan and Haegel, Franz-Hubert and Huisman, Johan
                      Alexander and Esser, Odilia and Zimmermann, Egon and
                      Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{S}pectral induced polarization for the characterisation of
                      biochar in sand},
      journal      = {Near surface geophysics},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1569-4445},
      address      = {Houten},
      publisher    = {EAGE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00221},
      pages        = {645-656},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The use of biochar as a soil amendment attracts increasing
                      research interest. However, the lack of methods to detect
                      and monitor biochar in situ limits the validation of the
                      field-scale application of biochar. Spectral induced
                      polarization is a potential tool to characterise biochar in
                      soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the
                      sensitivity of spectral induced polarization to biochar in
                      sand and to understand how the physicochemical properties of
                      both the biochar and the surrounding matrix influence the
                      spectral induced polarization response. To this end,
                      spectral induced polarization measurements were conducted on
                      four types of biochar with different mass fractions
                      disseminated in saturated sand as a host media with changing
                      electrical conductivity. In addition, it was investigated
                      how the spectral induced polarization response depends on
                      the particle size of biochar. The measured SIP data were
                      interpreted by Debye decomposition to obtain values for the
                      peak relaxation time, τpeak; total chargeability, M; and
                      normalised total chargeability, Mn. Spectral induced
                      polarization showed a clear and specifically differentiated
                      response to the presence of all four types of biochars. M
                      was found to be proportional to the mass fraction of
                      biochars, although relationships varied for each type of
                      biochars. τpeak of biochars increased with increasing
                      particle size. Increased electrolyte concentration enhanced
                      Mn for all biochars, although again, the specific response
                      was different for each biochar. In addition, higher
                      electrolyte concentrations decreased τpeak for biochars
                      derived from wood through pyrolysis but did not affect
                      τpeak of biochar derived from miscanthus through
                      hydrothermal carbonisation. It was concluded that the
                      spectral induced polarization response of pyrolytic biochars
                      resembled that of conductors or semiconductors, whereas the
                      spectral induced polarization response of hydrothermal
                      carbonisation biochar more closely resembled that of clay.
                      Overall, the findings in this study suggest that spectral
                      induced polarization is a promising method for the detection
                      and characterisation of biochar in soil.},
      cin          = {IBG-3 / ZEA-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000419112000010},
      doi          = {10.3997/1873-0604.2017045},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841934},
}