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@ARTICLE{LpezPuertas:842030,
      author       = {López-Puertas, Manuel and García-Comas, Maya and Funke,
                      Bernd and Gardini, Angela and Stiller, Gabriele P. and von
                      Clarmann, Thomas and Glatthor, Norbert and Laeng, Alexandra
                      and Kaufmann, Martin and Sofieva, Viktoria F. and
                      Froidevaux, Lucien and Walker, Kaley A. and Shiotani,
                      Masato},
      title        = {{MIPAS} {O}bservations of {O}zone in the {M}iddle
                      {A}tmosphere},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques discussions},
      volume       = {467},
      issn         = {1867-8610},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00314},
      pages        = {1 - 35},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {In this paper we describe the stratospheric and mesospheric
                      ozone (version $V5r_O3_m22)$ distributions retrieved from
                      MIPAS observations in the three middle atmosphere modes (MA,
                      NLC and UA) taken with an unapodized spectral resolution of
                      0.0625 cm−1 from 2005 until April 2012. O3 is retrieved
                      from microwindows in the 14.8 μm and 10 μm spectral
                      regions and requires non-LTE modelling of the O3 v1 and v3
                      vibrational levels. Ozone is reliably retrieved from 20 km
                      in the MA mode (40 km for UA and NLC) up to ~ 105 km
                      during dark conditions and up to ~ 95 km during
                      illuminated conditions. Daytime MIPAS O3 has an average
                      vertical resolution of 3–4 km below 70 km, 6–8 km
                      at 70–80 km, 8–10 km at 80–90 km and 5–7 km
                      at the secondary maximum (90–100 km). For nighttime
                      conditions the vertical resolution is similar below 70 km,
                      and better in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere:
                      4–6 km at 70–100 km, 4–5 km at the secondary
                      maximum, and 6–8 km at 100–105 km. The noise error
                      for daytime conditions is typically smaller than $2 \%$
                      below 50 km, $2–10 \%$ between 50 and 70 km,
                      $10–20 \%$ at 70–90 km and $~ 30 \%$ above
                      95 km. For nighttime, the noise errors are very similar
                      below around 70 km but significantly smaller above, being
                      $10–20 \%$ at 75–95 km, $20–30 \%$ at
                      95–100 km and larger than $30 \%$ above 100 km. The
                      additional major O3 errors are the spectroscopic data
                      uncertainties below 50 km $(10–12 \%),$ and the
                      non-LTE and temperature errors above 70 km. The validation
                      performed suggests that the spectroscopic errors below
                      50 km, mainly caused by the O3 air-broadened half-widths
                      of the v2 band, are overestimated. The non-LTE error
                      (including the uncertainty of atomic oxygen at nighttime) is
                      relevant only above ~ 85 km with values of
                      $15–20 \%.$ The temperature error varies from
                      $~ 3 \%$ up to 80 km to $15–20 \%$ near 100 km.
                      Between 50 and 70 km, the pointing and spectroscopic
                      errors are the dominant uncertainties. The validation
                      performed in comparisons with SABER, GOMOS, MLS, SMILES and
                      ACE-FTS shows that MIPAS O3 has an accuracy better than
                      $5 \%$ at and below 50 km, with a positive bias of a few
                      percent. In the 50–75 km region, MIPAS O3 has a positive
                      bias of $~ 10 \%,$ which is possibly caused in part by
                      O3 spectroscopic errors in the 10 μm region. Between 75
                      and 90 km, MIPAS nighttime O3 is in agreement with other
                      instruments by $10 \%,$ but for daytime the agreement is
                      slightly larger, $~ 10–20 \%.$ Above 90 km, MIPAS
                      daytime O3 is in agreement with other instruments by
                      $10 \%.$ At nighttime, however, it shows a positive bias
                      increasing from $10 \%$ at 90 km to $20 \%$ at
                      95–100 km, the latter of which is attributed to the
                      large atomic oxygen abundance used. We also present MIPAS O3
                      distributions as function of altitude, latitude and time,
                      showing the major O3 features in the middle and upper
                      mesosphere. In addition to the rapid diurnal variation due
                      to photochemistry, the data also show apparent signatures of
                      the diurnal migrating tide, both during day and nighttime,
                      as well as the effects of the semi-annual oscillation above
                      ~ 70 km in the tropics and mid-latitudes. The tropical
                      daytime O3 at 90 km shows a solar signature in phase with
                      the solar cycle.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-2017-467},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/842030},
}