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@ARTICLE{Kaufmann:842032,
      author       = {Kaufmann, Martin and Olschewski, Friedhelm and Mantel,
                      Klaus and Solheim, Brian and Shepherd, Gordon and Deiml,
                      Michael and Liu, Jilin and Song, Rui and Chen, Qiuyu and
                      Wroblowski, Oliver and Wei, Daikang and Zhu, Yajun and
                      Wagner, Friedrich and Loosen, Florian and Froehlich, Denis
                      and Neubert, Tom and Rongen, Heinz and Knieling, Peter and
                      Toumpas, Panos and Shan, Jinjun and Tang, Geshi and
                      Koppmann, Ralf and Riese, Martin},
      title        = {{A} highly miniaturized satellite payload based on a
                      spatial heterodyne spectrometer for atmospheric temperature
                      measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques discussions},
      volume       = {437},
      issn         = {1867-8610},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00316},
      pages        = {1 - 19},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {A highly miniaturized limb sounder for the observation of
                      the O2 A-Band to derive temperatures in the mesosphere and
                      lower thermosphere is presented. The instrument consists of
                      a monolithic spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS), which is
                      able to resolve the rotational structure of the R-branch of
                      that band. The relative intensities of the emission lines
                      follow a Boltzmann distribution and the ratio of the lines
                      can be used to derive the kinetic temperature. The SHS
                      operates at a Littrow wavelength of 761.8 nm and
                      heterodynes a wavelength regime between 761.9 nm and
                      765.3 nm with a resolving power of about 8000 considering
                      apodization effects. The size of the SHS is
                      38 × 38 × 27 mm3 and its acceptance angle is
                      ±5°. It has an etendue of 0.014 cm2 sr. Complemented
                      by a front optics with a solid angle of 0.65° and a
                      detector optics, the entire optical system fits into a
                      volume of about 1.5 liters. This allows to fly this
                      instrument on a 3 or 6 unit CubeSat. The vertical field of
                      view of the instrument is about 60 km at the Earth's limb
                      if operated in a typical low Earth orbit. Integration times
                      to obtain an entire altitude profile of nighttime
                      temperatures are in the order of one minute for a vertical
                      resolution of 1.5 km and a random noise level of 1.5 K.
                      Daytime integration times are one order of magnitude
                      shorter. This work presents the design parameters of the
                      optics and a radiometric assessment of the instrument.
                      Furthermore it gives an overview of the required
                      characterization and calibration steps. This includes the
                      characterization of image distortions in the different parts
                      of the optics, flat fielding and the spectral power
                      estimation.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-2017-437},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/842032},
}