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@ARTICLE{Schilling:843535,
      author       = {Schilling, Oliver S. and Irvine, Dylan J. and Hendricks
                      Franssen, Harrie-Jan and Brunner, Philip},
      title        = {{E}stimating the {S}patial {E}xtent of {U}nsaturated
                      {Z}ones in {H}eterogeneous {R}iver-{A}quifer {S}ystems},
      journal      = {Water resources research},
      volume       = {53},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0043-1397},
      address      = {[New York]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-01121},
      pages        = {10583 - 10602},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The presence of unsaturated zones at the river-aquifer
                      interface has large implications on numerous hydraulic and
                      chemical processes. However, the hydrological and geological
                      controls that influence the development of unsaturated zones
                      have so far only been analyzed with simplified
                      conceptualizations of flow processes, or homogeneous
                      conceptualizations of the hydraulic conductivity in either
                      the aquifer or the riverbed. We systematically investigated
                      the influence of heterogeneous structures in both the
                      riverbed and the aquifer on the development of unsaturated
                      zones. A stochastic 1-D criterion that takes both riverbed
                      and aquifer heterogeneity into account was developed using a
                      Monte Carlo sampling technique. The approach allows the
                      reliable estimation of the upper bound of the spatial extent
                      of unsaturated areas underneath a riverbed. Through
                      systematic numerical modeling experiments, we furthermore
                      show that horizontal capillary forces can reduce the spatial
                      extent of unsaturated zones under clogged areas. This
                      analysis shows how the spatial structure of clogging layers
                      and aquifers influence the propensity for unsaturated zones
                      to develop: In riverbeds where clogged areas are made up of
                      many small, spatially disconnected patches with a diameter
                      in the order of 1 m, unsaturated areas are less likely to
                      develop compared to riverbeds where large clogged areas
                      exist adjacent to unclogged areas. A combination of the
                      stochastic 1-D criterion with an analysis of the spatial
                      structure of the clogging layers and the potential for
                      resaturation can help develop an appropriate conceptual
                      model and inform the choice of a suitable numerical
                      simulator for river-aquifer systems.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000423299000033},
      doi          = {10.1002/2017WR020409},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/843535},
}