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@ARTICLE{Fleming:844163,
      author       = {Fleming, Zoe L. and Doherty, Ruth M. and von
                      Schneidemesser, Erika and Malley, Christopher S. and Cooper,
                      Owen R. and Pinto, Joseph P. and Colette, Augustin and Xu,
                      Xiaobin and Simpson, David and Schultz, Martin and Lefohn,
                      Allen S. and Hamad, Samera and Moolla, Raeesa and Solberg,
                      Sverre and Feng, Zhaozhong},
      title        = {{T}ropospheric {O}zone {A}ssessment {R}eport: {P}resent-day
                      ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health},
      journal      = {Elementa},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {2325-1026},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {BioOne},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-01628},
      pages        = {273},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {This study quantifies the present-day global and regional
                      distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for
                      five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term
                      human exposure. These metrics, calculated by the
                      Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, are: 4th highest daily
                      maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8); number of days with MDA8 > 70
                      ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb)
                      and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8). These
                      metrics were explored at ozone monitoring sites worldwide,
                      which were classified as urban or non-urban based on
                      population and nighttime lights data.Present-day
                      distributions of 4MDA8 and NDGT70, determined predominantly
                      by peak values, are similar with highest levels in western
                      North America, southern Europe and East Asia. For the other
                      three metrics, distributions are similar with North–South
                      gradients more prominent across Europe and Japan. Between
                      2000 and 2014, significant negative trends in 4MDA8 and
                      NDGT70 occur at most US and some European sites. In
                      contrast, significant positive trends are found at many
                      sites in South Korea and Hong Kong, with mixed trends across
                      Japan. The other three metrics have similar, negative trends
                      for many non-urban North American and some European and
                      Japanese sites, and positive trends across much of East
                      Asia. Globally, metrics at many sites exhibit
                      non-significant trends. At $59\%$ of all sites there is a
                      common direction and significance in the trend across all
                      five metrics, whilst 4MDA8 and NDGT70 have a common trend at
                      $~80\%$ of all sites. Sensitivity analysis shows AVGMDA8
                      trends differ with averaging period (warm season or annual).
                      Trends are unchanged at many sites when a 1995–2014 period
                      is used; although fewer sites exhibit non-significant
                      trends. Over the longer period 1970–2014, most Japanese
                      sites exhibit positive 4MDA8/SOMO35 trends. Insufficient
                      data exist to characterize ozone trends for the rest of Asia
                      and other world regions.},
      cin          = {JSC / IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {512 - Data-Intensive Science and Federated Computing
                      (POF3-512) / Earth System Data Exploration (ESDE)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-512 / G:(DE-Juel-1)ESDE},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000424703300001},
      doi          = {10.1525/elementa.273},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844163},
}