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@ARTICLE{Sun:844247,
      author       = {Sun, Ruoheng and Jakes, Peter and Eurich, Svitlana and van
                      Holt, Désirée and Yang, Shuo and Homberger, Melanie and
                      Simon, Ulrich and Kungl, Hans and Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{S}econdary-{P}hase {F}ormation in {S}pinel-type
                      {L}i{M}n2{O}4-{C}athode {M}aterials for {L}ithium-{I}on
                      {B}atteries – {Q}uantifying {T}race {A}mounts of
                      {L}i2{M}n{O}3 by {E}lectron {P}aramagnetic {R}esonance
                      {S}pectroscopy},
      journal      = {Applied magnetic resonance},
      volume       = {49},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0937-9347},
      address      = {Wien [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-01688},
      pages        = {415-427},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Spinel-type lithium manganese oxides are considered as
                      promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Trace
                      amounts of Li2MnO3 usually occur as a secondary phase in
                      lithium-manganese spinels in the common high-temperature,
                      solid-state synthesis, affecting the overall Li–Mn
                      stoichiometry in the spinel phase and thereby the
                      electrochemical performance. However, the formation of
                      Li2MnO3 lower than 1 $wt.\%$ can hardly be quantified by the
                      conventional analytical techniques. In this work, we
                      synthesized lithium-manganese spinels with different Li/Mn
                      molar ratios and demonstrate that electron paramagnetic
                      resonance (EPR) enables quantifying trace amounts of Li2MnO3
                      below 10−2 $wt.\%$ in the synthesized products. The
                      results reveal that the formation of Li2MnO3 secondary phase
                      is favored by lithium excess in the synthesis. Based on the
                      quantitative evaluation of the EPR data, precise determining
                      Li–Mn stoichiometry in the spinel phase in Li1+xMn2−xO4
                      materials can be assessed. Accordingly, it is possible to
                      estimate the amount of lithium on 16d-sites in the Li-rich
                      manganese spinels.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000427474000009},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00723-018-0983-4},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844247},
}