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@ARTICLE{Merz:844844,
      author       = {Merz, Steffen and Balcom, Bruce J. and Enjilela, Razieh and
                      Vanderborght, Jan and Rothfuss, Youri and Vereecken, Harry
                      and Pohlmeier, Andreas},
      title        = {{M}agnetic {R}esonance {M}onitoring and {N}umerical
                      {M}odeling of {S}oil {M}oisture during {E}vaporation},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Madison, Wis.},
      publisher    = {SSSA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02195},
      pages        = {},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Evaporation from bare soil surfaces can be restrained to a
                      great extent with the development of a dry layer at the soil
                      surface where capillary hydraulic conductance ceases and
                      water flow proceeds only by gas phase transport. Model
                      calculations and preliminary experiments with model porous
                      media have shown that this surface layer can be very thin.
                      An accurate characterization of these processes is required,
                      which is provided by noninvasive magnetic resonance (MR)
                      methods. The evaporative drying of a silt loam and a sandy
                      loam was monitored at high spatial resolution in laboratory
                      experiments. The MR data were used to assess the performance
                      of two numerical models: (i) the Richards equation, which
                      considers isothermal liquid water flow, and (ii) a coupled
                      soil water, heat, and vapor flow numerical model. The
                      experimental results reveal two distinct drying regimes for
                      both soil types where, at the onset of the second
                      evaporation stage, a dry surface zone developed with
                      increasing thickness over time. This layer revealed that
                      water loss inside the soil coincided with a relatively low
                      evaporation rate as the liquid continuity to the soil
                      surface vanished. The modeling results clearly demonstrated
                      the need to consider heat and vapor flow. It was shown, as a
                      proof of principle, that MR relaxation time spectra may
                      serve as a proxy to follow desaturation processes where
                      spatially resolved transverse relaxation can reveal a
                      secondary evaporation front.},
      cin          = {IBG-3 / IEK-9},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000439692900001},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2016.10.0099},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844844},
}