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@ARTICLE{Mller:844852,
      author       = {Müller, M. and Seebold, S. and Wu, G. and Yazhenskikh, E.
                      and Jantzen, T. and Hack, K.},
      title        = {{E}xperimental {I}nvestigation and {M}odeling of the
                      {V}iscosity of {O}xide {S}lag {S}ystems},
      journal      = {Journal of sustainable metallurgy},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2199-3831},
      address      = {Berlin},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02203},
      pages        = {3 - 14},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Numerous technical applications in the energy and
                      metallurgical industries demand a fundamental knowledge of
                      the flow of slags. Besides temperature and composition,
                      which determine the internal structure of an oxide melt,
                      crystallization in the slag significantly influences its
                      flow behavior. Therefore, not only the temperature-dependent
                      viscosity of fully liquid oxide melts was determined using a
                      rotational high-temperature viscometer but also isothermal
                      viscosity measurements were conducted, in order to examine
                      the rheological evolution over time caused by
                      crystallization. The crystallization behavior during flow
                      can be separated into three time regimes: a lag-time, in
                      which the undercooled melt behaves as an Arrhenius liquid;
                      the kinetic-driven crystallization; and, finally, the
                      rheological equilibrium that is represented by a
                      time-invariant viscosity plateau. To model the viscosity of
                      oxide slags, in a first step, a self-consistent
                      thermodynamic database for the system
                      SiO2–Al2O3–CaO–MgO–FeO x –K2O–Na2O–P2O5–SO x
                      has been established. The Gibbs energy of the liquid phase
                      has been modeled using a non-ideal associate solution
                      description. In a second step, an Arrhenius-type model for
                      the calculation of viscosities of fully molten slags has
                      been developed. The model is based on the same structural
                      units, i.e., the associates, as the one for the Gibbs energy
                      of the melt. In a third step, the influence of
                      crystallization, which not only transforms the liquid into
                      dispersion but also usually changes the composition of the
                      residual liquid, on the viscosity is considered.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000427608800002},
      doi          = {10.1007/s40831-017-0144-2},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844852},
}