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@ARTICLE{Sinclair:844876,
      author       = {Sinclair, G. and Tripathi, J. K. and Diwakar, P. K. and
                      Linke, J. and Hassanein, A. and Wirtz, Marius},
      title        = {{S}tructural evolution of tungsten surface exposed to
                      sequential low-energy helium ion irradiation and transient
                      heat loading},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {12},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02222},
      pages        = {405 - 411},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Structural damage due to high flux particle irradiation can
                      result in significant changes to the thermal strength of the
                      plasma facing component surface (PFC) during off-normal
                      events in a tokamak. Low-energy He+ ion irradiation of
                      tungsten (W), which is currently the leading candidate
                      material for future PFCs, can result in the development of a
                      fiber form nanostructure, known as “fuzz”. In the
                      current study, mirror-finished W foils were exposed to 100
                      eV He+ ion irradiation at a fluence of 2.6 × 1024 ions
                      m−2 and a temperature of 1200 K. Then, samples were
                      exposed to two different types of pulsed heat loading meant
                      to replicate type-I edge-localized mode (ELM) heating at
                      varying energy densities and base temperatures. Millisecond
                      (ms) laser exposure done at 1200 K revealed a reduction in
                      fuzz density with increasing energy density due to the
                      conglomeration and local melting of W fibers. At higher
                      energy densities (∼ 1.5 MJ m−2), RT exposures resulted
                      in surface cracking, while 1200 K exposures resulted in
                      surface roughening, demonstrating the role of base
                      temperature on the crack formation in W. Electron beam
                      heating presented similar trends in surface morphology
                      evolution; a higher penetration depth led to reduced melt
                      motion and plasticity. In situ mass loss measurements
                      obtained via a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) found an
                      exponential increase in particle emission for RT exposures,
                      while the prevalence of melting from 1200 K exposures
                      yielded no observable trend.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000417293300061},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2017.03.003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844876},
}