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@ARTICLE{Marx:845064,
      author       = {Marx, Josefine and Schreiber, Andrea and Zapp, Petra and
                      Walachowicz, Frank},
      title        = {{C}omparative {L}ife {C}ycle {A}ssessment of {N}d{F}e{B}
                      {P}ermanent {M}agnet {P}roduction from {D}ifferent {R}are
                      {E}arth {D}eposits},
      journal      = {ACS sustainable chemistry $\&$ engineering},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2168-0485},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02389},
      pages        = {5858–5867},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium are rare earth
                      elements often used in high performance magnets.
                      Environmental impacts during the production of a 1 kg of
                      neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnet from three major
                      deposits are quantified using life cycle assessment (LCA).
                      The scope of the assessment includes the largest rare earth
                      oxide (REO) production in Bayan Obo (China), the second
                      largest at a mine in Mount Weld (Australia), and a third
                      mine in Mountain Pass (U.S.A.) that closed production in
                      2015. Consecutively, impacts from metal refining and final
                      magnet production are added. Environmental impacts along the
                      magnet production life cycle are dominated by the production
                      of rare earth components $(50–99.9\%).$ Using REOs from
                      the American mine shows the best overall environmental
                      performance due to improved handling of chemicals. The
                      biggest differences from the worst Chinese pathway can be
                      found in freshwater and terrestrial ecotoxicity,
                      acidification, freshwater eutrophication, particulate
                      matter, and human toxicity. The smallest differences are
                      observed for climate change, resource depletion, and marine
                      eutrophication. For the first time, an LCA for the three
                      largest rare earth producers was performed under the same
                      frame of conditions and methodological assumptions. This
                      approach is a step toward getting a consistent picture of
                      environmental impacts.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000431927500024},
      doi          = {10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04165},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/845064},
}