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@ARTICLE{Zapp:845065,
      author       = {Zapp, Petra and Marx, Josefine and Schreiber, Andrea and
                      Friedrich, Bernd and Voßenkaul, Daniel},
      title        = {{C}omparison of dysprosium production from different
                      resources by life cycle assessment},
      journal      = {Resources, conservation and recycling},
      volume       = {130},
      issn         = {0921-3449},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02390},
      pages        = {248 - 259},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for low carbon
                      technologies. Production of dysprosium (Dy) is mostly
                      induced by rare earth magnets demand (approximately
                      (approx.) $95\%$ of total demand). It is almost exclusively
                      supplied by ion adsorption clays (IACs) of Southern China.
                      Other sources, such as bastnaesite/monazite or eudialyte
                      ores, are also conceivable. Bastnaesite/monazite ores
                      usually show low dysprosium contents. So far, hardly any
                      REEs from eudialyte ores have been processed. The Norra
                      Kärr deposit (Sweden) is one of the largest, highest grade,
                      non-Chinese heavy REE deposits in Europe. Almost all studies
                      on environmental effects of REEs production investigate the
                      bastnaesite/monazite route. Recently, a first life cycle
                      assessment (LCA) of IAC in-situ leaching was published. The
                      present study broadens the scope firstly by including
                      additional beneficiation and separation processes and
                      subsequent production of the single metal dysprosium.
                      Secondly, a comparison of the environmental performance of
                      three production routes from different resources, IAC,
                      bastnaesite/monazite and eudialyte is investigated. The
                      results show that the environmental performance based on
                      eudialyte is the best. The results of IAC and
                      bastnaesite/monazite routes are comparable, but only for low
                      amounts of leaching agent for IACs. For all three minerals
                      freshwater ecotoxicity, human toxicity as well as
                      eutrophication marine and freshwater are important
                      environmental effects. In case of IAC marine eutrophication
                      has the largest share due to in-situ leaching. This paper
                      allows for the first time a straight comparison of Dy
                      production based on three different minerals due to a
                      consistent methodological frame, basic assumptions and
                      parameters.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000423005400030},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.12.006},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/845065},
}