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@ARTICLE{Fuhrmann:845567,
      author       = {Fuhrmann, Irabella and He, Yao and Lehndorff, Eva and
                      Brüggemann, Nicolas and Amelung, Wulf and Wassmann, Reiner
                      and Siemens, Jan},
      title        = {{N}itrogen fertilizer fate after introducing maize and
                      upland-rice into continuous paddy rice cropping systems},
      journal      = {Agriculture, ecosystems $\&$ environment},
      volume       = {258},
      issn         = {0167-8809},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02792},
      pages        = {162 - 171},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Water scarcity and economic incentives favor the
                      introduction of upland crops into permanent paddy rice
                      systems during dry seasons. However, introducing upland
                      crops into permanently flooded cropping systems temporarily
                      changes soil conditions from anaerobic to aerobic, affecting
                      nitrogen (N) dynamics profoundly. We hypothesized that under
                      maize and dry rice, total fertilizer 15N recovery in soil as
                      well as the immobilization of fertilizer 15N in microbial
                      residues is reduced compared with continuous paddy rice
                      cropping. Furthermore, we expected enhanced emissions of
                      fertilizer 15N in form of nitrous oxide (N2O) under maize
                      and dry rice. To test these hypotheses, we traced the fate
                      of a 15N-urea pulse in a field experiment in the Philippines
                      with three different crop rotations: continuous paddy rice,
                      paddy rice – dry rice, and paddy rice – maize for two
                      years. Indeed, the 15N recovery in the first 5 cm of bulk
                      soil was lowest in the paddy rice – maize rotation
                      (arithmetic mean with standard error: $19.2 ± 1.8\%$ of
                      applied 15N), while twice as much was recovered in the first
                      5 cm of bulk soil of the continuous paddy rice cropping
                      systems $(37.8 ± 2.2\%$ of applied 15N) during the
                      first dry season. The 15N recovery in the plant biomass
                      (shoots and roots) in the continuous paddy rice cropping was
                      $13\%$ larger than in the dry rice plant biomass and $5\%$
                      larger than in the maize plant biomass during the first dry
                      season. Fertilizer 15N remained longest in paddy rice –
                      maize (mean residence time = 90 ± 25 days) and in
                      continuous paddy rice (mean residence
                      time = 77 ± 30 days), compared with dry rice –
                      paddy rice rotation (mean residence
                      time = 16 ± 5 days). After 2 years, $10\%$ (paddy
                      rice – dry rice, paddy rice – maize) to $23\%$
                      (continuous paddy rice) of the applied fertilizer 15N were
                      still stored in soil. The largest fraction of this 15N was
                      immobilized by soil microbes, which stored $3–4\%$ of
                      applied 15N in the form of amino sugars as specific cell
                      wall constituents, in all cropping systems. Nevertheless,
                      introducing upland crops into continuous paddy rice systems
                      likely increased N leaching losses and resulted in initial
                      losses of urea- 15N to N2O, which thus has to be considered
                      in climate smart mitigation strategies.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000429394600017},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.agee.2018.02.021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/845567},
}