% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Kronenbuerger:848100,
      author       = {Kronenbuerger, Martin and Belenghi, Patrizia and Ilgner,
                      Justus and Freiherr, Jessica and Hummel, Thomas and Neuner,
                      Irene},
      title        = {{O}lfactory functioning in adults with {T}ourette syndrome},
      journal      = {PLoS one},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {Lawrence, Kan.},
      publisher    = {PLoS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-03379},
      pages        = {e0197598 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Tourette syndrome is a chronic tic disorder characterized
                      by motor and vocal tics. Comorbidities such as attention
                      deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive
                      disorder can be found. The overlap between neuroanatomical
                      regions and neurotransmitter systems in the olfactory system
                      and the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome let us
                      hypothesize altered olfactory performance in Tourette
                      syndrome. The main objective of this study was to
                      systematically assess olfactory functioning in subjects with
                      Tourette syndrome and to compare it to healthy controls. We
                      assessed 28 adults with Tourette syndrome (age 33.1±9.4
                      years, disease duration 23.7±9.7 years) and 28 healthy
                      controls (age 32.9±9.0 years) matched in regard to age,
                      sex, education and smoking habits. The “Sniffin Sticks”
                      test battery was applied to assess odor threshold,
                      discrimination, and identification. Additionally, the
                      combined score of the odor threshold test, the odor
                      discrimination test and the odor identification test of the
                      “Sniffin Sticks” test battery was calculated. Although
                      it was not the primary aim of this study, we assessed
                      whether tics and comorbidity could contribute to olfactory
                      alterations in adults with Tourette syndrome. Therefore,
                      clinical scores were used to assess severity of tics and
                      co-morbidity such as attention deficit hyperactivity
                      disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety and
                      depression in subjects with Tourette syndrome. Pathology of
                      the nasal cavities was excluded with rhinoendoscopy.
                      Independent sample t-tests were applied to compare
                      performance in olfactory tests. In the case of statistically
                      significant differences (critical p-value: 0.05), multiple
                      linear regression analysis was carried out to explore
                      whether tic severity, social impairment, co-morbidity or
                      medical treatment had an impact on the differences found.
                      Descriptive values are reported as mean ± standard
                      deviation. Tourette syndrome subjects showed lower combined
                      scores (Tourette syndrome subjects 31.9 ± 5.1 versus
                      healthy controls 35.0 ± 3.1; p = 0.007), odor
                      identification scores (Tourette syndrome subjects 12.4 ±
                      2.0 versus healthy controls 13.7 ± 1.4; p = 0.008) and odor
                      discrimination scores (Tourette syndrome subjects 12.1 ±
                      2.1 versus healthy controls 13.2 ± 1.6; p = 0.041) in
                      comparison to healthy subjects, while there was no
                      difference in odor threshold (Tourette syndrome subjects 7.3
                      ± 2.7 versus healthy controls 8.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.22). Seven
                      out of 28 Tourette syndrome subjects $(25\%)$ scored in the
                      range of the age- and sex-dependent combined score for
                      hyposmia, while two of 28 healthy controls $(7\%)$ had a
                      similar low combined score. None of the participants were
                      found to have functional anosmia. Multiple linear regression
                      analyses suggest that social impairment may a predictor for
                      low combined score and odor identification score in Tourette
                      syndrome subjects (p = 0.003). Compared to healthy controls,
                      altered olfaction in adults with Tourette syndrome was found
                      in this study. Normal odor threshold level but lower scores
                      at tasks involving supra-threshold odor concentrations point
                      towards a central-nervous alteration in the processing of
                      olfactory information in Tourette syndrome},
      cin          = {INM-4 / JARA-BRAIN},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-4-20090406 / $I:(DE-82)080010_20140620$},
      pnm          = {573 - Neuroimaging (POF3-573)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-573},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29874283},
      UT           = {WOS:000434369400028},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0197598},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/848100},
}