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@ARTICLE{Vaen:848317,
      author       = {Vaßen, R. and Rauwald, K.-H. and Guillon, O. and Aktaa, J.
                      and Weber, T. and Back, H. C. and Qu, D. and Gibmeier, J.},
      title        = {{V}acuum plasma spraying of functionally graded
                      tungsten/{EUROFER}97 coatings for fusion applications},
      journal      = {Fusion engineering and design},
      volume       = {133},
      issn         = {0920-3796},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-03562},
      pages        = {148 - 156},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {As structural materials for future fusion power plants,
                      reduced activation ferritic martensitic steels as EUROFER97
                      can be used. Unfortunately, the interaction of the plasma
                      with the steel would result in a limited lifetime, so
                      protective layers are investigated. An excellent protective
                      material is tungsten, as it shows unique properties with
                      respect to low sputtering, high melting points and low
                      activation. However, the mismatch of thermo-physical
                      properties between tungsten and EUROFER97 can lead to large
                      stress levels and even failure.A possible way to overcome
                      this problem is the use of functionally graded material
                      (FGM). The paper will describe the manufacture of these FGMs
                      by vacuum plasma spraying and their characterization. First
                      of all, two different feeding lines have been used to
                      produce the coatings. A major problem lies in different
                      melting points of tungsten and steel. So the particle size
                      distribution has to be adjusted to achieve sufficient
                      melting of both materials during the spray process. In a
                      second step, the feeding rates were optimized to obtain the
                      wanted amount of tungsten and steel phases in the graded
                      structures. In a thermal spray process, the gradient cannot
                      be made continuously, however it has to be applied in a
                      step-wise manner. In this investigation, samples with 3 and
                      5 different concentrations (excluding the pure steel and
                      tungsten part) have been produced. The microstructures of
                      these layers have been investigated. In addition, hardness
                      was measured and the residual stress state was determined by
                      the hole drilling method.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000439538100022},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.06.006},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/848317},
}