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@ARTICLE{Wandt:848381,
      author       = {Wandt, Johannes and Jakes, Peter and Granwehr, Josef and
                      Eichel, Rüdiger-A. and Gasteiger, Hubert A.},
      title        = {{Q}uantitative and time-resolved detection of lithium
                      plating on graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries},
      journal      = {Materials today},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1369-7021},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-03622},
      pages        = {231 - 240},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The ability of fast and safe charging is critical for the
                      further success of lithium ion batteries in automotive
                      applications. In state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries, the
                      charging rate is limited by the onset of lithium plating on
                      the graphite anode. Despite its high importance, so far no
                      analytical technique has been available for directly
                      measuring lithium plating during battery charge. Herein, we
                      introduce operando electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
                      spectroscopy as the first technique capable of time-resolved
                      and quantitative detection of lithium metal plating in
                      lithium ion batteries. In an exemplary study, the C-rate
                      dependence of lithium metal plating during low-temperature
                      charging at −20 °C is investigated. It is possible to
                      quantify the amount of ‘dead lithium’ and observe the
                      chemical reintercalation of plated lithium metal. In this
                      way, it is possible to deconvolute the coulombic
                      inefficiency of the lithium plating/stripping process and
                      quantify the contributions of both dead lithium and active
                      lithium loss due to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)
                      formation. The time-resolved and quantitative information
                      accessible with operando EPR spectroscopy will be very
                      useful for the optimization of fast charging procedures,
                      testing of electrolyte additives, and model validation.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000430654600017},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.001},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/848381},
}