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@ARTICLE{Zimmer:848447,
      author       = {Zimmer, Dana and Kruse, Jens and Siebers, Nina and Panten,
                      Kerstin and Oelschläger, Claudia and Warkentin, Mareike and
                      Hu, Yongfeng and Zuin, Lucia and Leinweber, Peter},
      title        = {{B}one char vs. {S}-enriched bone char: {M}ulti-method
                      characterization of bone chars and their transformation in
                      soil},
      journal      = {The science of the total environment},
      volume       = {643},
      issn         = {0048-9697},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-03681},
      pages        = {145 - 156},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {To decrease environmental impacts from usage of mineral P
                      fertilizers based on rock phosphate, alternative P
                      fertilizers are urgently necessary but have to be critically
                      evaluated for their characteristics and behaviour or effects
                      in soil. For this reason, bone char (BC) and S-enriched BC
                      (BCplus), original and after one vegetation period in soil,
                      were analysed by wet chemical analyses and XANES
                      spectroscopy. According to X-ray absorption near edge
                      structure (XANES) spectroscopy, both chars were dominated by
                      P bound in hydroxyapatite, which was well reflected by wet
                      chemical P fractionation, where Ca-P was the dominant
                      fraction. Sulfur fractionation of both chars confirmed low
                      percentages of sulfate-S according to XANES analysis but
                      failed to detect elemental S in BCplus. Because S
                      concentrations in BCplus were comparable to that of
                      activated carbon used for biogas desulfurization and sorbed
                      S was dominantly elemental S, BC seems to be well suited for
                      biogas desulfurization. After one year in soil the
                      disappearance of more easily soluble Ca(H2PO4)·2H2O and
                      strongly reduced proportions of sulfates and sulfonates in
                      soil-BCplus compared to BCplus pointed to considerable
                      advantages of BCplus over BC. Taking into consideration the
                      acidic pH of BCplus, the high Ca, P, and S concentrations
                      and the expected microbial induced “in situ digestion”
                      of BC by oxidation of elemental S, it can be concluded that
                      a cascade usage of BC as biogas adsorber and following
                      subsequent usage of BCplus as S/P/Ca/Mg (multi-element)
                      fertilizer could be an alternative to mineral fertilizers
                      based on rock phosphate. The agronomic efficiency and
                      detailed application guidelines must be derived from
                      established and currently running longer-term plot and field
                      experiments},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29936158},
      UT           = {WOS:000444625900016},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.076},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/848447},
}